Citation of references:

Importance in publications
N.S. Harinarayana
University of Mysore
Mysore
 Relevance

• "Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a

subject ourselves, or we know where we can
find information upon it. When we enquire
into any subject, the first thing we have to do
is to know what books have treated of it. This
leads us to look at catalogues, and at the
backs of books in libraries."
— Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
 How new research grows out of old?

Source: Frederick J. Gravetter, Lori-Arnn B. Forzano. 2009. Research Methods for the
Behavioral Sciences
 Citing and Referencing
• Citing (In-text)
Whenever you refer to another author's work in
your work you must cite your source by inserting
a number or author-date in your text.
• Referencing (End-text)
At the end of your work, under the heading
References, write a full description of each
source you have cited, listing them in numerical
order or alphabetical order
 Few Words in the Agenda
APA Full text database
Author date format Ibid
BibTex In-text reference
Chicago Style MLA
Citation Numbered Style
Citation database Op.cit
Citation Style Language(CSL) Plugin
Endnote Recurrent Numbering
Foot Note Reference
Zotero
 Referencing

• An integral part of academic writing

• Unfortunately, referencing is an neglected
area of research
• Concerns about plagiarism has brought the
topic to the fore in recent years
 Why to cite?
• Support your arguments and give your work a
factual basis
• Protect yourself against charges of plagiarism
• Demonstrate to assessors or critics that you
have carried out the necessary research
• Allow the reader to locate the material you
consulted.
 Why to cite?
Naville (2007) has given a few more reasons:
• To help to trace the origin of ideas
• To help build a web of ideas
• To validate arguments
• To spread knowledge
• To acknowledge the work of others
• To have ‘own voice’
 When to Reference?

Every Time you:

• Directly quote someone else's work
• Paraphrase someone else's work (use your own
words)
• Use ideas from someone else's work
• Use data, figures, or information from someone
else's work
• Use diagrams, images, tables or charts from
someone else's work
 Citing Categories
Citing styles fall into three main groups:
• Name-date
– In-text citations consists of the author(s) name and date of publication
– References listed in alphabetical order of authors surname in
reference list
• Consecutive numbering
– In-text citations consists of a number
– A new number is used each time a reference is cited
– References listed in numerical order in reference list
• Recurrent numbering
– In-text citations consists of a number
– If a reference is cited more than once the number is re-used
– References listed in numerical order in reference list
 Too many referencing styles?
Author- Name styles Consecutive Recurrent
Numbering Numbering

Variants: Variants: Variants:

 APA  MHRA  Vancouver

 Harvard  Chicago -  IEEE
 MLA Turabian  Council of
 MHRA  Oxford: Oscola Science
 Chicago-  Footnote or Editors (CSE)
Turabian Running Notes  Numeric
 Council of style
Science
Editors (CSE)
 Referencing Style Vs. Subject Field
• Author name styles are popular among:
– Business and management studies
– Social sciences
– Humanities subjects
– Sciences, particularly life and environmental
– Most computing and IT
– Languages
– Psychology
 Referencing Style Vs. Subject Field…
• The Running-Notes style
– Law
– Humanities, History, Philosophy, and English
– Art and Design
– Architecture
– Social sciences.
 Referencing Style Vs. Subject Field…
• Numeric style
– Medicine
– Applied science areas
– Engineering and technology areas
– Journalism and media studies
Example In-Text References (Name-date)

These go inside the

body of your article
 Example Reference list (Name-Date)

This goes at
the END of
your article

References

It is in
ALPHABETICAL
order
 In-text Citations
(Consecutive Numbering Systems)
Example (MHRA Style)
References should be given for ‘all direct or indirect
quotations, and in acknowledgement of someone’s opinions,
or of a source of factual information which is not general
knowledge’.1 Li and Crane point out that the main objective
of citing references is to give sufficient information to allow
sources to be located.2 Additionally, ‘another important
principle is to make reference to that information in the
source in hand. As a rule, it is not necessary to provide
supplementary information that has to be located
elsewhere’.3 General overviews of the process of citing
references are given by Bosworth and Craig and in
Walliman.4, 5
------
Note: Superscripts are shown in bold and bigger fonts only for demo purpose
 References
1 Nicholas S.R. Walliman, Your Research Project: A Step-by-step
Guide for the First-time Researcher (London: SAGE, 2001), p.
301.
2 Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane, Electronic Styles: A Handbook for
Citing Electronic Information, 2nd edn (Medford, NJ:
Information Today, 1996), p. 3.
3 Ibid., p. 3.
4 David P. Bosworth, Citing Your References: A Guide for Authors
of Journal Articles and Students Writing Theses or
Dissertations (Thirsk, N Yorks: Underhill Press, 1992); P. Craig,
‘How to Cite’, Documentation Studies, 10 (2003), 114-122;
Walliman, pp. 300-313.
5 Xia, Op.cit., p.4.
 In-text Citations
(Recurrent Numbering Systems)
References should be given for "all direct or indirect
quotations, and in acknowledgement of someone’s
opinions, or of a source of factual information which is
not general knowledge". (1) Li and Crane point out that
the main objective of citing references is to give
sufficient information to allow sources to be located.
(2) Additionally, "another important principle is to
make reference to that information in the source in
hand. As a rule, it is not necessary to provide
supplementary information that has to be located
elsewhere". (2) General overviews of the process of
citing references are given by Bosworth and Craig and
in Walliman. (3, 4, 1)
 References
(Numbering Systems)
1. Walliman N. Your research project: a step-by-step guide
for the first-time researcher. London: SAGE; 2001.
2. Li X, Crane NB. Electronic styles: a handbook for citing
electronic information. 2nd ed. Medford (NJ):
Information Today; 1996.
3. Bosworth DP. Citing your references: a guide for
authors of journal articles and students writing theses
or dissertations. Thirsk (N Yorks): Underhill Press; 1992.
4 .Craig P. How to cite. Documentation Studies.
2003;10:114-122.
Example 2
 In-text and Reference List
(Harvard name-date style)
This is how a book (Carroll, 2009), book chapter (Shishkin et al., 2000),
journal article (Nakajima & Schoch, 2011) and conference paper (Zajic,
2006) look in the Harvard name-date style.
References
Carroll, R.L., 2009. The rise of amphibians: 365 million years of evolution,
Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
Nakajima, Y. & Schoch, R.R., 2011. The first temnospondyl amphibian from
Japan.Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31(5), pp.1154-1157.
Shishkin, M.A., Novikov, I.V. & Gubin, Y.M., 2000. Permian and Triassic
temnospondyls from Russia. In M. J. Benton et al., eds. The Age of
Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, pp. 35-59.
Zajic, J., 2006. The main fish communities of the limnic Permian and
Carboniferous basins of the Czech Republic. In 7th Paleontological
Conference. Brno, Czech Republic: Scripta. Facultatis Scientiarum
Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis. Geology., pp. 99-101.
 In-text and Reference List
(Numbered Style)
This is how a book1, book chapter2, journal article3 and conference
paper4 look in the citation style of the journal Nature, a numbering
style.
1. Carroll, R.L. The rise of amphibians: 365 million years of evolution.
360 (The John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 2009).
2. Shishkin, M.A., Novikov, I.V. & Gubin, Y.M. Permian and Triassic
temnospondyls from Russia. The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and
Mongolia 35-59 (2000).
3. Nakajima, Y. & Schoch, R.R. The first temnospondyl amphibian from
Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31, 1154-1157 (2011).
4. Zajic, J. The main fish communities of the limnic Permian and
Carboniferous basins of the Czech Republic. 7th Paleontological
Conference 33-34, 99-101 (2006).
Accuracy and completeness of
references: Case studies
 Error rates in medical journals
• Evans et al discovered an overall error rate of
48% in three surgical journals after checking
references randomly in single issues of the
American Journal of Surgery; Surgery; and
Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics. (1990)
(Source: Evans, J. T., Nadjari, H. I., & Burchell, S.
A. (1990). Quotational and reference accuracy in
surgical journals: A continuing peer review
problem. JAMA, 263(10), 1353-1354).
 Error rates…
• An overall 44% to 56% error rate was found in
the citations in different anaesthesia journals.
(studies conducted between 1992-95)
(Source: Mohta, A., & Mohta, M. (2003).
Accuracy of references in Indian Journal of
Surgery.)
 Error rates …
• Indian Journal of Surgery (84%) (2003). The
error rate in the Indian Journal of Surgery
(84%) is much higher when compared with
any of the studies
(Source: Mohta, A., & Mohta, M. (2003).
Accuracy of references in Indian Journal of
Surgery)
 Error rate…
• Five general surgery journals were chosen with
varying impact factors. From the year 2007, one
issue was randomly chosen from each journal,
and from each issue 180 citations were randomly
chosen for review (2010).
(Awrey, J., Inaba, K., Barmparas, G., Recinos, G.,
Teixeira, P. G., Chan, L. S., ... & Demetriades, D.
(2011). Reference accuracy in the general surgery
literature. World journal of surgery, 35(3), 475-479).
 Type of errors
(Source: Mohta, A., & Mohta, M. (2003). Accuracy of references in Indian Journal of Surgery.)

• First author wrong: Page 46, reference 11: First author is Sievert W
and not Stevert W
• Wrong Journal: Page 35, reference 9: The Journal is Am J Gastroenterol
and not Am J Surg
• Wrong first author, wrong second author, wrong abbreviation of the
name of the journal, wrong year, no last page number: Page 35,
reference 6:
• Wrong second author:
– Nagormey DM, Mepherson GAD. Carcinoma of gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.
Seminar Oncol; 1998:15:106
Correct: Nagorney DM, McPherson GAD. Carcinoma of gall bladder and extrahepatic bile
ducts. Semin Oncol 1988; 15:106-115
• No authors listed, wrong abbreviation, year wrongly placed, no last
page number: Page 58, reference 9:
– Wrong: Cardiogenic embolism of upper extremity. J cardiovascular Surg 23; 209, 1982
Correct: Haimovici H. Cardiogenic embolism of upper extremity. J Cardiovasc Surg
(Torino) 1982; 23: 209-213
 Type of errors
• Wrong first author, wrong co-authors, no volume number,
no last page number and wrong punctuations: Page 58,
reference 7.
– Example: Wrong: Berggvist D, Ericsson BF Kanrad P, Bergentz S.E.
Arterial surgery of the upper extremity. World J Surg 1983 786
Correct: Bergquist D, Ericsson BF, Konrad P, Bergentz SE. Arterial
surgery of the upper extremity. World J Surg 1983; 7: 786-91.
• Wrong first author, no title, wrong punctuations: Page 77,
reference 3:
– Example: Wrong: Nataras M. Br.J.Surg.1970.57:886-890
Correct: Notaras MJ. A review of three popular methods of
treatment of postanal (pilonidal) sinus disease. Br J Surg1970;
57:886-890.
 Overall conclusion
• Reference inaccuracy is common in the general
surgery literature.
• The impact factor has no clear association with
the error rate, demonstrating that journal quality
does not necessarily correlate with reference
quality.
• Potential methods for improving reference
accuracy in the general surgery literature is
warranted.
(Source: Mohta, A., & Mohta, M. (2003). Accuracy
of references in Indian Journal of Surgery.)
 Errors in Theses
Classification of References (N= 1477)
Theses Correct Incorrect Unable to
Total
References References Verify
T-2006
24(8.42%) 245(85.96%) 16(5.61%) 285(100%)
T-2007
145(28.16%) 208(40.39%) 162(31.46%) 515(100%)
T-2008
39(22.03%) 123(69.49%) 15(8.47%) 177(100%)
T-2009
35(29.91%) 30(25.64%) 52(44.44%) 117(100%)
T-2010
126(32.90%) 205(53.52%) 52(13.58%) 383(100%)
Total
369(24.98) 811(54.91) 297(20.11%) 1477(100%)
 Element wise errors
Citation Accuracy ERRORS - MAJOR AND MINOR - within References
TYPE Major Error Minor Error Total
Issue Number 505 0 505
Author Name 122 122 244
Pagination 76 75 151
Title 55 83 138
Journal Name 55 41 96
Publisher 41 6 47
Year 39 0 39
Volume Number 37 0 37
Place 30 0 30
Edition 7 0 7
URL address 2 1 3
Total 969 328 1297
Exercise 2 Identify the position of In-
text Citations in the passages given.
(Page 2)
 Where Should the Citations Go?
Answers
• 1. A major study of British school leavers
concluded that parents had a major influence
on the kind of work entered by their children
X. The children were influenced over a long
period of time by the values and ideas about
work of their parents. A later study reached
the same conclusion, and showed a link
between the social and economic status of
parents and the work attitudes and
aspirations of their teenage children X.
 Answers…
2. Climatologists generally agree that the five
warmest years since the late nineteenth
century have been within the decade, 1995-
2005, with the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO),
ranking 2005 as the second warmest year
behind 1998 X.
 Answers…
3. It has been argued that federalism is a way of
making sense of large organisations and that
the power and responsibility that drives
federalism is a feature of developed societies
and can be extended into a way forward for
managing modern business: “authority must
be earned from those whom it is exercised” X.
American Psychological
Association
(APA Style)
 Format of In-text Citations
• APA uses Name-Date method of in-text
citations.
• To insert citation in the text, include
author’s surname and year of
publication.
• Use parenthesis appropriately.
 Reference List
• List the cited works alphabetically at the
end of the article/chapter.
• Use hanging indent paragraph style.
• Double space the entire reference list.
• References should include: author
name(s),date in parenthesis, title,
publication data in that order.
Vancouver Style
 Labelling citations
• References are numbered
consecutively in order of appearance
in the text – they are identified
by Arabic numerals in parentheses
(1), square brackets [1], superscript
1, or a combination[1].
 Format of citations
• Different formats exist for different types of sources,
e.g. books, journal articles etc. Author names are
abbreviated to at most two initials.
• Author’s initials are normally merged like this:
Harinarayana NS, though some argue it is not
mandatory.
• The last page of your paper is entitled REFERENCES.
• List all references in order by number, not
alphabetically. Each reference is listed once only, since
the same number is used throughout the paper.
Example 6: Prepare in-text
references and reference list in
both Vancouver and APA Style
(Use “New Exercise”)
 APA Style
This is how a book (Carroll, 2009), book chapter (Shishkin et al., 2000), journal
article (Nakajima & Schoch, 2011) and conference paper (Zajic, 2006) are given
citations.
References
• Carroll, R. L. (2009). The rise of amphibians: 365 million years of evolution.
Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press.
• Nakajima, Y. & Schoch, R. R. (2011). The first temnospondyl amphibian from
Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31(5), 1154-1157.
• Shishkin, M. A., Novikov, I. V. & Gubin, Y. M. (2000). Permian and Triassic
temnospondyls from Russia. In M. J. Benton et al. (Eds), The Age of Dinosaurs in
Russia and Mongolia (pp. 35-59). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Zajic, J. (2006). The main fish communities of the limnic Permian and
Carboniferous basins of the Czech Republic. In 7th Paleontological Conference,
October 19 – 20, 2006 (pp. 99-101). Brno, Czech Republic: Scripta. Facultatis
Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis. Geology.
 Vancouver
This is how a book (1), book chapter (2), journal article (3) and
conference paper (4) are given citations.
1. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobyashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St
Louis: Mosby; 2002.
2. Meltzer PS, Kallioniemi A, Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors.
In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York:
McGraw-Hill; 2002. p. 93-113.
3. Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Blanchard MS, Reda DJ, Henderson WG, et al. Gulf
War veterans' health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort? Ann Intern Med [serial on
the Internet]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun 30];142(11):881+. Available from:
http://www.annals.org/.
4. Rowling, L. Schools and grief: how does Australia compare to the United States. In:
Wandarna coowar: hidden grief: Proceedings of the 8th National Conference of the
National Association for Loss and Grief (Australia); 1993 Sep; Yeppoon, Queensland.
Turramurra, NSW: National Association for Loss and Grief; 1993. p. 196-201.
 Difficulties?
• ‘Too many referencing styles’
• Tutor inconsistencies
• Difficult to remember sequence
• Boring … not creative!
• Very mundane and Labour
intensive!
 75% of students have a negative
perception of referencing

• ‘In all honesty, I seriously dislike referencing.

It is far too troublesome for simply putting
forward a point’
• ‘I hate referencing because I am not very good
at it and find I get marks deducted for bad
referencing.’
(Colin Neville, 2010)
 Solution
• Use Citation Management
Software/Tools/Plugins.
 Which one to use?
Open Source BibDesk, Docear, JabRef, KBibTeX,
Pybliographer, Referencer,
Wikindx, Zotero
Commercial Biblioscape, Bookends, Citavi,
EndNote, Mendeley, Papers,
Qiqqa, Reference Manager, Sente
Web-based BibSonomy, CiteULike, Mendeley,
Qiqqa, RefWorks, Wikindx,
WizFolio, Zotero, Google Scholar
Library
Let us learn a couple of tools!
Zotero
• Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use
tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and
share your research sources.
• Zotero is an extension for the Firefox web-
browser.
• It runs in its own pane within Firefox,
separately from web pages.
 Using Zotero
• Zotero is installed by visiting zotero.org,
clicking the download button on the page, and
selecting the version of Zotero you wish to
install.
• Click the Zotero icon in the bottom-right
corner of your browser window to open your
Zotero library.
 What kind of items are handled?
• Every item contains different metadata,
depending on what type it is.
• Items can be everything from books, articles,
and documents to web pages, artwork, films,
sound recordings, bills, cases, or statutes,
among many others.
Let us start without much ado!
 Activity 1: Download Book Details
• Open up Zotero by clicking on the logo in the
lower right corner of your browser.
• Go to Amazon site (http://www.amazon.com)
• Choose Books option
• Search for “Plagiarism”
• Recognise the BOOK icon.
• Save it to Zotero
• Inspect the right hand pane and edit the details, if
required.
Activity 2: Downloading details from e-
journal
• Visit http://www.emeraldinsight.com
• Search for the word “Cloud computing”
• Select any one of the article
• Click on abstract and purchase
• Notice that the article icons appears only at
this stage.
• Save to Zotero
• Notice DOI
Activity 3: Downloading Multiple Items
• Go to http://scholar.google.com
• Search “Vancouver Style”
• Click the “folder” icon
• Choose at least 4 multiple items of your
choice
• Save them to Zotero
 Activity 4: Adding a Book details from
Google Books
• Go to Google Books http://books.google.com
• Type in “Referencing”
• Collect two items from it
• Save to Zotero
 Activity 5: Attachments
• Select one of the citations from central pane.
• Click on attachment icon.
• Locate a file on your hard drive and attach the
file.
• Notice the icon that appears in front of the
tile.
 Activity 6. Adding Notes and Tags
• Notice the right hand pane
• Add appropriate details for notes, tags, related
• Notice that these can be used to organise your
collection.
 Activity 7: Adding existing PDFs to
Zotero and Retrieving Metadata for
PDF
• Many researchers find themselves managing a
massive collection of PDFs.
• You can drag and drop your existing PDFs into
your Zotero library or use ‘Store Copy of File’
from Add New Item Menu (green plus sign)
• Retrieve Medatada for PDF.
• Install PDF tools if required.
 Activity 8: Creating a New Collection
• You can create as many collections as you
want to organise your literature.
• Make use of New Collection Icon icon at the
left top corner of Zotero window.
• Create a new collection called workshop.
• Add two items to it as per the steps followed
earlier.
 Activity 9: Moving Items into
Collection
• You can drag and drop to move around items.
• Holding the shift key down, try to move
around items.
• Try to rename items, delete items.
 Activity 10: Adding Details Manually
• Use green plus symbol
• Add details of the book manually.
• Add items using identifiers
• Add webpages
 Activity 11: Creating Bibliography for
Zotero
• Highlight the item(s).
• Right click on it(them).
• Chose appropriate options.
• Drag and drop to have Intext citations and
Reference List.
 Activity 12:
• Open Word
• Observe the “Add-Ins” Tab
• Compile the citation and bibliography for the
assignment given (File Name: Example –
Replicate in Word using Zotero)
 Independent Activity
• Replicate the example given in PDF format in
MS word.
• Tips: Use Google Scholar to fetch the
bibliographical details OR Enter the
bibliographical details manually in Zotero
• Compile the citation and reference list
• Time Limit: 10 Minutes
 Demonstration
• Google Scholar
• JabRef
• BibText format
THANKS