GOOD DAY!

Focus on APA style

 American Psychological
Association (APA)
 Social sciences (i.e. psychology,

sociology, and linguistics)

 Focuses on date of publication:
“…(Smith & Johnson, 2009)”
 In Text Citations
 One work, one author:

Johnson (2010) found that locus of control…

Student retention at doctoral level institutions (Jones, 2008).

 One work by two authors: Cite both names every time the
reference occurs in the text:

Smith and Jones (2008) reported that…

Epidemiological samples were found to be consistent

(Packer & Rupert, 2004).
When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all
authors the first time the reference occurs; in
subsequent citations, include only the surname of the
first author followed by et al. and the year:
Hall, Parker, and Paul (2010) found that…
Hall et al. (2010) found that…

When a work has six or more authors, cite only the

surname of the first author followed by et al. and
the year.
 REFERENCE CITATIONS
Books
Template
APA: Lastname, First Initial. (Year). Title of work. City
of Pub, State: Publisher.

Examples
APA: Johnson, T. (2003). Studies in college. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.

5
 Try to cite the following book iN APA…

Author: Stephen Jones

Title: A Review of Industry Standards
Year of Pub: 2010
City of Pub: London
Publisher: Stanton Publishing Group

APA: Jones, S. (2010). A review of industry standards.

London: Stanton Publishing Group.
 Articles in Journals

APA: Lastname, First Initial. (Year). Title of work. Journal Title,

Volume(Issue), page numbers.

APA: Smith, L. (2007). Students in danger. New England

Journal of Student Progress, 7(2), 142-154.
 Try to cite the following journal article in MLA and
APA…
Author: Samuel Brown
Volume: 4
Pages: 164-184
Title: Working for the Union
Issue: 1
Journal: Workplace Review
Year: 1995

APA: Brown, S. (1995). Working for the union. Workplace

Review, 4(1), 164-184.
 Online Sources
APA: Author. (Year, Month[use n.d. if not given]). Article or
page sub-title. Major Publication Title, volume or issue number
(if available). Retrieved from http://url.

APA: Department of Enrollment Management. (2013). 2013 Fall Term

Comparison. Enrollment Management 2013 Reports. Retrieved from
http://prtl.uhcl.edu/portal/page/portal/PRV/Enrollment-Management/
images/Enrollment%20and%20SCH-Fall%2013%202-Yr%2010242013
%20final.pdf
Introduction to
Research
 Definition of Research
 Research follows a step-by-step
process of investigation that
uses a standardized approach in
answering questions or solving
problems (Polit & Beck, 2004).
 Definition of Research
 Research plays an important role in tertiary
education. Though there are many
problems confronted by higher education,
developments are realized through
research. After all, its main purpose is to
answer a question or to solve an issue
(Plispis, 2004).
 Definition of Research
 Research is a continuous
undertaking of making known the
unknown (Sanchez, 2002).
 Definition of Research
 Research is an investigation
following ordered steps leading to
a discovery of new information or
concepts (Sanchez, 1999)
 Definition of Research
 Research is a very careful
investigation of something that
purports the contribution of
additional or new knowledge and
wisdom (Bassey, as cited by
Coleman & Briggs, 2002)
 Definition of Research
 Research is a tested approach of
thinking and employing validated
instruments and steps in order to
obtain a more adequate solution to a
problem that is otherwise impossible
to address under ordinary means
(Crawford, as cited by Alcantara
&Espina, 1995).
Characteristics of Research
 1.The research should be
systematic.
Characteristics of Research
 2. The research should be
objective.
Characteristics of Research
 3.The research should be
feasible.
Characteristics of Research
 4. The research should be
empirical.
Characteristics of Research
 5. The research should be clear.
Research Paradigm
 Is an outline that guides the
researcher in conceptualizing
and conducting the research.
There are two important
aspects to an effective
research:
1.RESEARCH FOUNDATIONS
 Research Problem
 Purpose
 Specific questions to be addressed
 Conceptual framework
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 Review of related literature
 Research approach and design
 Data collection
 Methods of analysis
 conclusion
Outline of the Research Paper
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION
- The Problem and Its Background
- Significance of the Study
- Review of related Literature
- Theoretical Framework
- Conceptual Framework
- Statement of the Problem
- Scope and limitation of the study
Outline of the Research Paper
II. METHOD
- Research Design
- Participants and Sampling Procedure
- Research Instrument
- Data Gathering Procedure
- Data Analysis
Outline of the Research Paper

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSSION

Outline of the Research Paper
IV.SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary of Findings
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
ROLES OF THE RESEARCHER
According to Nieswiadomy (2005), the
researcher serve different roles in a study.
These are as follows:
1. As a principal investigator
2. As a member of a research team
3. As identifier of researchable problems
4. As evaluator of research findings
5. As user of research findings
6. As patient or client advocate during study
7. As subject/respondent/participant
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

1.Research provides a
scientific basis for any practice
or methodology in any field or
discipline.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

2. Research is undertaken for

the continuous development
and further productivity in any
field.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

3. Research helps develop

tools for assessing
effectiveness of any practice
and operation.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

4. Research provides solutions

to problems concerning almost
all issues encountered in the
different areas of work.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

5. Research impacts decision

making.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

6. Research develops and

evaluates alternative
approaches to the educational
aspects of any discipline.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

7. Research aims to advance

the personal and
professional qualifications of
a practitioner.
GOALS FOR CONDUCTING RESEARCH

 1. To produce evidence-based practice.

 2. To establish credibility in the profession.
 3. To observe accountability for the
profession.
 4. To promote cost-effectiveness through
documentation.
 INTRO PA LANG
YAN! KAMUSTA
KAYO? FIGHTING!