INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION

SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Topic 1 Objectives

1. Define an information system and describe its

components

2. Identify various types of information systems

3. Describe the systems development methodology

 Information Technology (IT)
vs Information System

IT IS
The combination of
The combination of
hardware and software
products and services that information technology,
people use to manage, people and data to
access, communicate and support business
share information requirements
Information System
Components
What are Information System
Components?
Information System Components

Hardware Software Data

Everything in physical layer Programs that control the Raw material that an
of the information system hardware and produce the information system
desired information or transforms into useful
results information

Process
Describe the tasks and
business functions that
users, managers and IT staff
members perform to achieve
specific results
People
User; people who interact
with an information system,
both inside and outside the
company.
Types of Information
System
Traditional IS Management
Definitions:

Strategic-level systems:
Information systems that support the long-
range planning activities of senior
management.

Management-level systems:
Information systems that support the
monitoring, controlling, decision-making,
and administrative activities of middle
managers.

Operational-level systems:
Information systems that monitor the
elementary activities and transactions of the
organization.

Fig. 2 Organisational levels and business functions (Source: Laudon &

Laudon, 2009)
 Types of Information
System
NOW…
Information Systems

Operation Management
Support Support
System System

Transaction Knowledge User Management Decision Executive

Processing Management Productivity Information Support Support
System System system System System System
Types of Information System

Executive Support System

An Executive Support System

("ESS") is designed to help senior
management make strategic
decisions. It gathers, analyses and
summarizes the key internal and
external information used in the
business.
Types of Information
System Decision Support
System

Decision-support systems
("DSS") are specifically
designed to help
management make
decisions in situations
where there is uncertainty
about the possible
outcomes of those
decisions. DSS comprise
tools and techniques to
help gather relevant
information and analyze
the options and
alternatives.
Types of Information
System
Management
Information System
A management information
system ("MIS") is mainly
concerned with internal
sources of information. MIS
usually take data from the
transaction processing
systems (see below) and
summarise it into a series
of management reports.
MIS reports tend to be
used by middle
management and
operational supervisors.
Types of Information
System
Knowledge
Management System

Knowledge Management
Systems ("KMS") exist to
help businesses create and
share information. These are
typically used in a business
where employees create new
knowledge and expertise -
which can then be shared by
other people in the
organization to create further
commercial opportunities.
Good examples include firms
of lawyers, accountants and
management consultants.
Types of Information
System
Transaction Processing
System
As the name implies, Transaction
Processing Systems ("TPS") are
designed to process routine
transactions efficiently and
accurately. A business will have
several (sometimes many) TPS;
for example:
Billing systems to send invoices to
customers- Systems to calculate
the weekly and monthly payroll
and tax payments- Production and
purchasing systems to calculate
raw material requirements- Stock
control systems to process all
movements into, within and out of
the business
Types of Information
System
User Productivity System
User Productivity Systems are
systems that try to improve the
productivity of employees who
need to process data and
information. Perhaps the best
example is the wide range of
software systems that exist to
improve the productivity of
employees working in an office
(e.g. Microsoft Office XP) or
systems that allow employees
to work from home or whilst on
the move.
 IS Development
Methodology
What is development methodology?
A framework to help in identifying milestones, structure

activities and monitor deliverables . (Britton C, 2005)

Definition from ComputerWorld

The software/system development

life cycle (SDLC) is the overall process of

developing information systems through a

multi-step process from investigation of initial

requirements through analysis, design,

implementation and maintenance.

Systems Development
Methods
+Structured Analysis
+Object-Oriented Analysis
+Agile/ Adaptive Methods
Structured Analysis
Object-Oriented Analysis
Agile/ Adaptive Methods
IS Development Methodology
+ The SDLC describes activities and
functions that all systems developers
perform, regardless of which approach
they use.
Requirem
+ The SDLC models includes the following ents
steps:
+ Requirements
Implement Design
+ Design ation
+ Software development
+ Testing System Development Life
+ Implementation Cycle (SDLC)

Software
+ There are many different models and Develop
Testing
methodologies, but each generally ment
consists of a series of similar defined
steps or stages.
IS Development Methodology
Phase Activities Deliverables
Requirement • Refines project goals into defined functions Users’ and system
and operations for the intended application requirements specifications
• Perform fact finding using techniques such as
interviews,
surveys, observation and sampling
• Information gathering, process modeling, data
modeling
Design • Create a blueprint that will satisfy all documented Design documentation such as
requirements Entity Relationship Diagram
• Design the user interface, identify necessary outputs, and Data Flow Diagram
inputs and processes , design database
• Transform logical design into program modules and
code

Software • Real code is written based on the system Set of programs or program
development and program design units
• Perform unit test for each modules
Testing System is tested as a whole (interaction between units) • Testing strategies used and
analysis of test results
• System that is ready to be
delivered

Implementation • Should be longest life cycle phase Improved or enhanced system

• System is installed and put into use
• Correcting errors that were not caught before
• Improving system in the light of changes
IS Development
Methodology
Some example of SDLC

V-Model Waterfall Model

IS Development
Methodology
Some example of SDLC

Rational Unified Process Model Prototyping Model

IS Development
Methodology
Some example of SDLC
Spiral Model
Test your understanding
1. Explain five information system components.
2. Describe four types of information system and
give an example of each.
3. List the SDLC steps.