In-plant Training Report

Presented By
J.Saravanan,
Final Year,
Department of EEE,
National Engineering College.

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 REPORT-1

TUTICORIN THERMAL POWER STATION

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 CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Definition

 Block diagram

 Main & auxiliary equipment's

 Explanations of equipment's

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 INTRODUCTION

 In India 65% of total power is generated by the Thermal Power

Stations.

 Thermal power plant convert the heat energy of coal into electrical
energy.

 Coal is burnt in a boiler which converts water into steam.

 The expansion of steam in turbine produces mechanical power

which drives the alternator coupled to the turbine.

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 DEFINITION

A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion

into electrical energy is known as thermal power station

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 MAIN AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT'S

 Coal handling plant  Feed water heater

 Pulverizing plant  Economizer
 Boiler  Air pre-heater
 Ash handling plant
 Turbine
 Alternator
 Condenser
 Cooling towers and ponds

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 COAL HANDLING PLANT

Coal is transported to power station by rail or road and stored is

coal storage plant and then pulverized.

The function of coal handling plant is feeding of coal to the boiler

furnace.

A thermal power plant burns enormous amounts of coal .

A 200MW plant may require around 2000 tons of coal daily.

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 PULVERIZING PLANT

 In modern thermal power plant, coal is pulverized i.e. ground to dust

like size and carried out to furnace in a steam of hot air. Pulverizing
is a means of exposing a large surface area to the action of oxygen and
consequently helping combustion.

Pulverizing process consists 3 stages classified as

Feeding
Drying
Grinding

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 BOILER

 A boiler is a closed vessel in which water under pressure, is converted into

steam.
 It is one of the major components of a thermal power plant

The function of boiler is to generate steam at desired

pressure and temperature, by transferring heat
Produced by burning of fuel in a furnace to change
Water into steam.

Boilers are of two types-

 Fire tube boiler
 Water tube boiler

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 STEAM TURBINE

 A steam turbine converts heat energy of steam into mechanical energy

and drives the generator.

3 turbines are used to increase the efficiency.

High pressure turbine
Intermediate pressure turbine
Low pressure turbine

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 ALTERNATOR

 Turbine and alternator are mechanical coupled with each other.

 Alternator convert mechanical energy of turbine into electrical energy.

 The electrical output from the alternator is delivered to the bus bar
through transformer.

CONDENSER

 Steam after rotating steam turbine comes to Condenser refers here to

….the shell and tube heat exchanger installed at the outlet of every steam
….turbine.
 The purpose is to condense the outlet steam from steam turbine to obtain
….maximum efficiency and also to get the condensed steam in the form of
….pure water, otherwise known as condensate, back to boiler as boiler feed
….water.
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 COOLING TOWERS AND PONDS

 Cooling tower is a steel or concrete hyperbolic structure having a reservoir

at the base.
 For storage of cooled water Height of the cooling tower may be 150 m or so
and diameter at the base is 150 m.
 A condenser needs huge quantity of water to condense the steam .
 Most plants use a closed cooling system where warm water coming from
condenser is cooled and reused.

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 FEED WATER HEATER ECONOMIZER

 Thermal stresses due to cold water  Flue gases coming out of the boiler
entering boiler drums are avoided. ….carry lot of heat.
 Feed water heating improves  An economizer extracts a part of
….overall plant efficiency. …..this heat from flue gases and uses it
 The dissolved oxygen and carbon …..for heating feed water.
dioxide which would otherwise cause  This use of economizer results in
boiler corrosion are removed in feed ….saving coal consumption and higher
water heater. ….boiler efficiency.

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 ASH HANDLING PLANT

 The ash from the boiler is collected into forms:

Bottom Ash: It’s a waste which is dumped into ash pond.

Fly Ash: Fly ash is separated from flue gases in esp.

WATER HANDLING PLANT

 Production of steam-for rotating turbine.

For cooling various equipment.
About 4 cubic meter water is lost/day/MW

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 REPORT-3

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 INTRODUCTION

Rail Net Software Solutions is one of the premiere engine sheds located
in Madurai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

The Madurai Railway station connects the Madurai city with rest of the country
through 32 daily Express trains, 41 non-daily express trains and 62 daily
passenger trains. More than one lakh passengers visit the railway station daily.

Being one of the three electric engine sheds in Southern Railway, various
major and minor maintenance schedules of electric locomotives are carried
out here.

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 COMPANY MISSION

Rail Net is an internet for railways. The rail net is a railway open system for quick data
transmission and data using resources at different places.

 Information and data collected at the headquarters through different divisions

and unit consists of main switch, web server, router, modem, LAN, WAN and
pc’s consider as nodes.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ENGINE LOCO

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 WORKING OF LOCOMOTIVE

This diagram shows an AC electric locomotive, collecting power from an

overhead line. The red lines on the diagram indicate the single phase AC
circuit, the green lines the DC circuits and the purple lines the 3-phase AC
circuits. A locomotive using DC traction current is similar, except that there is
no single phase AC circuit or transformer. The current passes directly from
the pantograph to the main and auxiliary inverters.

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 MAIN EQUIPMENTS

TRACTION MOTOR
The traction motor is one of the most important equipment in the locomotive
which transmits power to wheels for moving the trains. Modern traction motor
type using three phase AC electrical supply and now the favored design for
modern train traction systems can be used on DC and AC electrified railways
with suitable control electronics and on diesel-electric locomotives.

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 PANTOGRAPH

The current collector(Pantograph) transfers the electricity from the catenary wire
to the locomotive. The sliding strip Creates the electrical contact to the catenary
wire. A pantograph spring ensures permanent contact at any speed.
Pantographs are typically operated by compressed air from the vehicle’s braking
system, either to raise the unit and hold it against the conductor or, when springs
are used to effect the extension, to lower it.

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 BATTERY

All trains are provided with a battery to provide start up current and for
supplying essential circuits, such as emergency lighting, when the line supply
fails. The battery is usually connected across the DC control supply circuit.

AIR BRAKE
The air is drawn into a compressor and stored in a main reservoir at 7-10 bar.
Compressed air from the main reservoir is distributed along the train through
the main reservoir pipe. The flow of air between the auxiliary reservoir and
the brake cylinders is controlled through the triple valve. Increasing the
pressure in the brake pipe causes the brakes to release, while decreasing the
pressure causes the brakes to apply.

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ARNO convertor

Is a device which convert single phase AC into three phase AC.

The three phase supply is needed for the three phase induction motors which are
used in blowers, exhausters an oil pumps.

ARNO convertor is rotating device.

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 REPORT-3

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 CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Definition

 Insulation Quality

 Main & auxiliary equipment's

 Explanations of equipment's

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 INTRODUCTION

SAEW is an ISO 9001-2015 certified company, which was established in

1992, is one of major companies in the field of transformer manufacture
and repairing up to 500MVA 400KV. They have a following Divisions

 Transformer Manufacturing Division

 Transformer Repairing Division
 Transformer Rental/Hiring Division
 Transformer Field Testing Division
 NABL Accredited Transformer Oil Testing Lab
 NABL Accredited Transformer High Voltage Testing Lab

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 DEFINITION – TRANSFORMER, INSULATING OIL

Transfer of voltage from

Stress developed Removal of stress
one level to another level

Liquid insulation Solid insulation

Mineral Oil/ Synthetic and Kraft Paper, Pressboard and

Natural Ester Wood

Dielectric Barrier Dielectric Barrier

Cooling medium Mechanical Support

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 INSULATION QUALITY

Pale Yellow Good oils

Yellow Proposition “A” oils

Bright Yellow Marginal oils

Amber Bad oils

Brown Very bad oils

Dark brown Extremely bad oils

Black Disastrous
condition

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 MAIN & AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT'S

 Dissolved gas analysis (DGA)  Appearance

 Interfacial Tension(IFT)  Furan Analysis

 Kinematic viscosity
 Neutralization (Acidity)
 Pour point
 Sludge
 Degree Of Polymerization
 Dielectric Strength
 Flash point
 Tan Delta & Resistivity
 Moisture content
 Density

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 DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS (DGA)

DGA is the most sensitive and reliable loss prevention technique and it gives
An early indication pf abnormal behaviour of transformer. This instrument
measures the concentration of dissolved gas inn transformer oil and be
interpreted to diagnose the condition of transformer oil filled electrical
equipment in service and suggest future action.

MULTIPLE GAS EXTRACTOR

This instrument used for extracting dissolved gas from transformer oil.

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 INTERFACIAL TENSION

This instrument used for measuring under non-equilibrium condition,

the interfacial tension of mineral oil against water, which has been
shown by practice to give reliable indication of the presence of
hydrophilic compounds in transformer oil.

ACIDITY

This instrument used determination of acidic constituents in transformer oil.

This acid number is used as a guide in the quality of transformer oil.

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 SLUDGE

Used to determine the contamination muds, dust particles mixed in the

transformer oil.

DIELECTRIC STRENGTH

The voltage at which the transformer oil breaks down when subjected
to AC electric field with a continuous voltage raise.

FLASH POINT

This instrument used for measuring the flash point by closed cup tester of
transformer oil, fuel oils, lubricating oils, suspension of solids, liquids that
tends to form a surface film under test conditions and other liquids.

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 TAN DELTA & RESISTIVITY

This testing instrument to measure three important parameter in transformer

oil Tan delta, dielectric constant and resistivity of an insulating medium.
Tan delta, dielectric constant balance with the aid of a synchronous and phase
Sensitive null detector.

MOISTURE CONTENT

This instrument is used for determination of water content in transformer oil

unused or used Insulating liquid with coulometrically generated Karl Fisher
regent. We can measure from 1 ppm to 100 ppm.

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 DENSITY
Density is significant in determining the quality of a transformer oil and
maybe useful for type identification or to suggest marked compositional
changes.

FURAN ANALYSIS

This test method is to determine the degradation of cellulose paper insulation .

Unusual increase in the concentration of furanic compounds in oil may
Indicate cellulose degradation from aging or incipient fault conditions.
The level of furanic compounds in oil relate to the average deterioration
of the insulating paper. This instrument used for the analysis of 2-Furfural
related furan compounds resulting from the degradation of cellulosic
insulation and found in mineral insulating oil samples taken from electrical
equipment . 35
 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

This method describes a producer for the determination of the kinematic

Viscosity of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by
Measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a
calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity can be obtained
by multiplying the measured kinematic viscosity by the density of the liquid.

POUR POINT

This instrument is used to determine the lowest temperature at which a sample

Of transformer oil will continue to flow when it is cooled under specified
Standard conditions

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