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Fractional Distillation
Fractional Distillation:
Objective:
Separation of a Cyclohexane (b.p. = 80.74°C) and Toluene (b.p.
= 110.6°C) mixture by two Fractional distillation
Cyclohexane Toluene
Distillation:
2. “volatile” impurities
Simple distillation; a boiling point difference of > ~75oC
Fractional Distillation: a boiling point difference < ~75oC
Fractional Distillation:
Boiling a liquid directing the vapor to a fractionating column directing the
vapor to a cooled chamber collecting the condensate
Fractionating column:
A. Mixture of two components with similar B.P. is boiled
Vapor will be slightly richer in the substance with the lower B.P.
Fractional distillation:
- Pack distilling column with copper sponge: do not pack too tightly!
- Do not forget to add boiling chip!
- Pay special attention to the position of the thermometer
- Cool the receiving vial in an ice-bath
Q.2. Why is better separation of two liquids achieved by slow rather than
fast distillation?
Q.1. Let’s say you are instructed to collect your distillate (condensate)
in four separate containers, ~1 mL in each, during the fractional
distillation of 4 mL of a (1:1) cyclohexane-toluene mixture, and then
obtain IR spectra for each fraction. How would the IR spectrum of the
first 1 mL fraction look different from that of the last 1 mL fraction?
Q.2. You are given a liquid sample that has a non-volatile impurities
dissolved in it and you are assigned a task to determine a suitable
method for its purification. How you would proceed, clearly explaining
your rationale?