Probability and Punnett

Squares
10.2 con’t.
 Punnett squares are used to
calculate the probabilities of genetic
outcomes if the genetic makeup of
the parents is known.
 Genotype is the genetic makeup or
the combination of alleles an
individual has.
– Ex: PP, Pp, pp, Bb, or bb
 Phenotype is an observable trait of
an individual.
– Ex: purple, white, brown or blue…
 Testcross are used to determine the
unknown genotype of an individual
with a dominate phenotype.
 A purple pea flower could have a
genotype PP or Pp. Crossing the
plant with a homozygous recessive
plant and observing the offspring will
identify the unknown genotype of the
purple pea.
 If the unknown is PP, and a
testcross is done with a white
flower (pp) then the offspring will all
be purple (Pp).

P P

p Pp Pp

p Pp Pp
 If the unknown is Pp, and a testcross is
done with a white flower (pp) then the
offspring will be 50% purple (Pp) and 50%
white (pp).

P p

p Pp pp

p Pp pp
 Mendel studied 7 traits of pea plants
and determined what was dominate
and recessive. See fig 10.4 p209.
 Dihybrid cross predicts the
probability of offspring with two
traits.
 Through dihybrid crosses, Mendel
discoved that traits randomly mix.
– Principle of independent assortment.
 Ex: Purple flowers could be on tall or
short
.
plants. Or yellow seeds could
be wrinkled or smooth.
– The traits do not pass onto the offspring
in the same combination as in the
parents.
 Ex. Tall Purple X short white
(TTPP) X (ttpp)
TP TP TP TP
tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp
tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp
tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp
tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp

What is the outcome of the F1 genetation?

 Ex. Tall Purple X short white
(TTPP) X (ttpp)
TP TP TP TP
tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp

tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp

tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp

tp TtPp TtPp TtPp TtPp

F1’s are all heterozygous, tall purple pea plants

 Ifyou crossed the F1’s, what would
be the outcome of the F2’s ?
 TtPp X TtPp ?
 You must first figure out the possible
combinations of alleles that the
parents can give to the offspring.
Remember that only one allele from
each trait is passed on.
 ???? Do you have them????
 TP,Tp, tP and tp
 Now set up the dihybrid cross
Punnett square.
 Complete the cross and find the
genotypic and phenotypic results.

TP Tp tP tp
TP

Tp

tP

tp