Class diagram

 A class diagram depicts classes and their interrelationships

 Used for describing structure and behavior in the use cases

 Provide a conceptual model of the system in terms of

entities and their relationships

 Used for requirement capture, end-user interaction

 Detailed class diagrams are used for developers

Class diagram
 Each class is represented by a rectangle subdivided into three
compartments
 Name
 Attributes
 Operations

 Modifiers are used to indicate visibility of attributes and

operations.
 ‘+’ is used to denote Public visibility (everyone)
 ‘#’ is used to denote Protected visibility (friends and derived)
 ‘-’ is used to denote Private visibility (no one)

 By default, attributes are hidden and operations are visible.

Class diagram
Name
Account_Name
- Customer_Name
Attributes
- Balance
+addFunds( ) Operations
+withDraw( )
+transfer( )
OO Relationships

 There are two kinds of Relationships

 Generalization (parent-child relationship)
 Association (student enrolls in course)

 Associations can be further classified as

 Aggregation
 Composition
 OO Relationships: Generalization

Supertype Example: Customer

Regular Loyalty
Customer Customer

Subtype1 Subtype2
-Inheritance is a required feature of object orientation
-Generalization expresses a parent/child relationship among related classes.
-Used for abstracting details in several layers
A generalisation hierarchy
Employee

Ma nager Programmer

budgetsControlled project
progLanguage
dateAppointed

Project De pt. Strategic

Ma nag er Ma nager Ma nag er
projects dept responsibilities

6
 OO Relationships: Association

 Represent relationship between instances of classes

 Student enrolls in a course
 Courses have students
 Courses have exams
 Etc.

 Association has two ends

 Role names (e.g. enrolls)
 Multiplicity (e.g. One course can have many students)
 Navigability (unidirectional, bidirectional)
 Association: Multiplicity and Roles
student
1 *
University Person

0..1 *
employer teacher

Multiplicity Role
Symbol Meaning
1 One and only one Role
0..1 Zero or one “A given university groups many people;
M..N From M to N (natural language)
some act as students, others as teachers.
A given student belongs to a single
* From zero to any positive integer university; a given teacher may or may not
0..* From zero to any positive integer be working for the university at a particular
1..* From one to any positive integer time.”
 Objects Association
 Modeling an association between two
classes means that there is some sort of
relationship between objects of each
class that may be connected.

studies
Student Course
0..* 1..*

9
Association: Model to Implementation

* 4
Student Course
has enrolls

Class Student {
Course enrolls[4];
}

Class Course {
Student have[];
}
 OO Relationships: Composition

Whole Class
Class W Association
Models the part–whole relationship

Composition
Class P1 Class P2 Also models the part–whole relationship but, in
addition, Every part may belong to only one
whole, and If the whole is deleted, so are the
Part Classes parts
[From Dr.David A. Workman]
Example Example:
A number of different chess boards: Each square
belongs to only one board. If a chess board is
thrown away, all 64 squares on that board go as well.

Figure 16.7
The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2005
 OO Relationships: Aggregation

Container Class
Aggregation:
Class C expresses a relationship among instances of related
classes. It is a specific kind of Container-
AGGREGATION
Containee relationship.

Class E1 Class E2 express a more informal relationship than

composition expresses.

Containee Classes Aggregation is appropriate when Container and

Containees have no special access privileges to
each other.
Example
Bag

Apples Milk

[From Dr.David A. Workman]

Object aggregation
Study pack
Course titl e
Number
Year
Instructor

1 1 1 1

1 ..* 1 ..* 1 ..* 0 ..*

Assignment sli des Lecture Vi deotape

notes
Credi ts Slides Tape ids.
Text

1 1

1 ..* 1 ..*
Exercises Soluti ons
#Problems Text
Description Diagrams

13
Aggregation vs. Composition
Composition is really a strong form of association
components have only one owner
components cannot exist independent of their owner
components live or die with their owner
e.g. Each car has an engine that can not be shared with other cars.

Aggregations
may form "part of" the association, but may not be essential to it. They
may also exist independent of the aggregate. e.g. Apples may exist
independent of the bag.
Class Modeling

 Identify objects and classes

 Prepare a data dictionary
 Identify associations between objects
 Identify class attributes and initial set of
operations
 Organize object classes using inheritance
Classes, Attributes and Operations

 Attributes define the properties of the objects

 every instance of the class has the same attributes
 an attribute has a data type
 the values of the attributes may differ among instances
 Operations define the behavior of the objects
 action performed on or by an object
 available for all instances of the class

 need not be unique among classes

Class Attributes Operations
ball radius, weight catch, throw
football air pressure pass, kick, hand-off
baseball liveness hit, pitch, tag
Instantiation - Example
Person (Person)

name Joe Smith

age age=39
weight weight=158

(Person)

Mary Wilson
age=27
weight=121
Inheritance

 Classes with a set of similar attributes and operations may

be organized into a hierarchical relationship
 Common attributes and operations are factored out and
assigned to a broad superclass (generalization)
 generalization is the “is-a” relationship

 superclasses are ancestors, subclasses are descendants

 A class can be iteratively refined into subclasses that inherit

the attributes and operations of the superclass
(specialization)
OMT Inheritance
Notation

Generalization
Superclass

Class Ball
Attributes Radius, Weight
Operations Throw, Catch

Subclasses

Football Baseball Basketball

air pressure liveness air pressure , dimples
pass, kick, hand-off hit, pitch, tag shoot, dribble, pass

Specialization
Association and Links

 An association is a relation among two or more classes

describing a group of links, with common structure and
semantics
 A link is a relationship or connection between objects and is
an instance of an association
 A link or association is inherently bi-directional
 the name may imply a direction, but it can usually be inverted
 the diagram is usually drawn to read the link or association from left
to right or top to bottom
 A role is one end of an association
 roles may have names
OMT Association Notation
Class, Association, and Roles

Person Company
Works For

equivalent

Company Person
Employs
Employer Employee

Object and Link

(Person) (Company)
Works For
Johnson IBM
Association and Links
has-capital Class diagram
Country City

nam nam
e e

(Country) has-capital (City)

Canada Ottawa

(Country) has-capital (City) Instance diagram

France Paris

(Country) has-capital (City)

Austria Vienna
Multiplicity of Associations

 Multiplicity is the number of instances of one

class that may relate to a single instance of
an associated class
 1-to-1
 1-to-many (0 or more) 1+
 1-to-(zero-or-one) ‘optional’ n
 1-to-(one-or-more) ‘required’
 1-to-n
OMT Multiplicity Notation
Instructor Courses
1+ Teaches

Takes
6-65
Student

Each course has at least one instructor

and between 6 and 65 students
A student may take many courses
An instructor may teach many courses
Class Model

employee order order DB

name number
password account
total cost

error message receipt item

explanation order number name

ship date quantity
total cost price
Class Model, continued
Since both receipts and error messages will be generated as output
it might make sense to have them as subclasses of a more general
class. We do not know enough yet to assign it attributes however.

response

error message receipt

explanation order number

ship date
total cost
Class Model, relationships

employee order order DB

name
number
password
account
total cost

1+

error message receipt item

explanation order number name

ship date quantity
total cost price
 Scenario
A bank system contains data on customers
(identified by name and address) and their
accounts.
Each account has a balance and there are 2
type of accounts: one for savings which offers
an interest rate, the other for investments, used
to buy stocks.
Stocks are bought at a certain quantity for a
certain price (ticker) and the bank applies
commission on stock orders
Class Diagram