Lecture 09 EnvImptAssmt

Emergy & Complex Systems
Day 4, Lecture 8….
Emergy and
Environmental Impact Assessment
Oil spill, phosphate mining, transformity and

toxicity, transformity and ecosystem health
Environmental Impacts on
Terrestrial Ecosystems...
Environmental Impacts on
Marine Ecosystems...
Emergy Ratios for

Assessing Environmental
Impact
Comparison of
Development Alternatives
Imports
from Main
Economy
F1
F2
F2 P3
R3 Alternate
P2
R2 New Use
Env
R
Source R1 Original Use P1
to be
diverted
R1 *ELR
R1 P4
Potential
Emergy Evaluation of
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh

Reef, and spilled nearly 11 million gallons of oil into the
biologically rich waters of Prince William Sound.
Map of Alaska showing the

Trans-Alaska pipeline...
Map showing the extent of the

oil spill in Gulf of Alaska...
Two estimates of damages

resulting from the oil spill...
Percent of the total losses

Distribution of the loss

estimates...
Oil spill losses compared to

regional emergy budgets...
Net benefits from prevention

alternatives…
The role of information

in Exxon-Valdez oil spill
I. Phosphate Mining and

Reclamation
Description, historical perspective,

phosphate facts...
Summary of Phosphate Mining System

Secondary area of mining

(50,000 acres)
Main phosphate
formation…
the “bone valley”
(1.3 million acres)
Historical Perspective
Mining began in late 1800’s

Mined Peace River bottom
Until late 1930’s small scale - wide spread
Large scale mining began in 1950’s
Currently about 5000 acres /year are mined
Phosphate mining facts...

Mined area to date………………….320,000 acres
Mining rate…………………...5 - 6,000 acres/yr
Total to be mined…….….700,000 acres
Investment in facilities………...$10 billion
Yearly wages…………………………….$300 million/yr
Taxes paid………………………………..$800 million/yr
Operating expenses (2001)
Equip and supplies……….$990 million
Electricity…………………….$100 million
Services………………………..$178 million
Phosphate Mining vs. Everglades Restoration
Phosphate Everglades
Reclamation Restoration
Total Area 0.7 million Acres 1.5 million acres

Total cost $3.6 billion $7.8 billion
Yearly Op. Costs $0.0 $182 million
II. Quick Photographic

Overview
Emergy Evaluation of Phosphate

Mining and Reclamation
Systems View and Emergy of Mining

Emergy in Restoration...
Plant Earth Infor.

Material Moving Services
1.5
3.0 1.2
12.0 Ecosystem
Sun
Ecosystems Services
Spoil Structure
Soils
160 acres
(assumes 100 years) E 18 sej

Benefits of Restoration...
Rain P Tr anspir at ion
3.8 E19 sej
gd. P
H2 O 1.3 E22 sej
Mining
6,000 Mt / ac
O. M.
Sun Veget at ion Acid P
.
H2 O
PO5
Calcium
Car bonat e
160 acres
Mining Occurs 3.0 E14 sej/ac/yr
3 .0
Gross Primary Production
(E 14 sej.ac./yr.)
1 .5
Production without
Production with Reclamation
Reclamation
0 100 200 300 400 500
Years
Benefits of Restoration...
Plant Eart h Inf or.

Mat erial Moving Services
1.5
Mining Occurs 3.0 E14 sej/ ac/ yr
3.0 1.2

3.0
(E 14 sej.ac./yr.)
12.0 Ecosy st em
Sun
Ecosy st em s Services
Sp o i l St ruct ure 1.5

Product ion wit hout
Product ion wit h Reclam at ion
So i l s Reclam at ion
160 acres 0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Years
Net Benefit of Reclamat ion:
Loss wit hout Reclamat ion = 3.0 E14 sej/ ac/ yr * 160 ac * 500 yr * 0.5
= 1 2 .0 E1 8 sej
Loss wit h Reclamat ion = 3.0 E14 sej/ ac/ yr * 160 ac * 100 yr * 0.5
= 2 .4 E1 8 sej
Net benefit reclamat ion = 12.0 E18 sej - 2.4 E18 sej
= 9 .6 E1 8 sej
Net Benefits Ratio...
Plant Eart h Inf or.

Mat erial Moving Services
1.5
Mining Occurs 3.0 E14 sej/ ac/ yr
3.0 1.2

3.0
(E 14 sej.ac./yr.)
12.0 Ecosy st em
Sun
Ecosy st em s Services
Sp o i l St ruct ure 1.5

Product ion wit hout
Product ion wit h Reclam at ion
So i l s Reclam at ion
160 acres 0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Years
Net Benefit of Reclamat ion:
Reclamation costs = 1.5 + 3.0 + 1.2

= 5 .7 E1 8 sej
Reclamat ion benefit s = 9 .6 E1 8 sej
Net benefit rat io = 9 .6 / 5 .7 = 1 .6 8 / 1

Transformity and Toxicity

Transformities of selected metals as global flows to atmosphere and

storages within a river ecosystem
Annual releases to atmosphere River ecosystem

(seJ/J) (seJ/J)
Aluminum 9.65E+06 3.30E+07

Iron 8.46E+07 6.19E+07
Chromium 2.59E+10 1.99E+10
Arsenic 8.56E+11 --
Lead 2.39E+12 3.59E+10
Cadmium 1.52E+13 8.78E+10
Mercury 6.85E+14 --
a - Not including human release

b - Genoni et al. 2003
 As transformities (emergy intensities) increase

their potential effect within ecosystem increases.
 Effects can be both positive and negative.
Transformity does not suggest the outcome that

might result from the interaction of a stressor
within an ecosystem, only that with high
transformity, the effect is greater.
ultimate effect
The ultimate
The effectofofa pollutant
a pollutantor toxin is not only
or toxin related
is not onlyto
its transformity, but more importantly to its concentration or
related to its transformity,
emergy density (emergy per unitbutarea,more importantly
i.e. seJ/m 2) in the to its
ecosystem.
concentration or empower density (emergy per unit
area per unit time, i.e. seJ/m2*day) in the ecosystem.
Where
 Whereempower density
emergy density of aofstressor
a stressor is significantly
is significantly higher than
the average
higher than emergy densityempower
the average of the ecosystem
densityitofisthereleased into,
ecosystem
itone
is can expectinto,
released significant
one canchanges
expectin ecosystem
significantfunction.
changes in
ecosystem function.
 For instance, using the transformity of mercury in the previous

Table and the exergy of mercury (Szargut et al. 1988) one can
convert the transformity to a specific emergy of 3.7 E17 sej/g.
 Using this specific emergy, and a mercury concentration of

0.001 ppb (the level the EPA considers to have chronic effects on
aquatic life) the emergy density of the mercury in a lake would be
3.7 E12 sej/m2.
Emergy Density of Florida Ecosystems is

about 1.0 E9 sej/m2
Landscape Development Intensity (LDI)

Index
System Diagram of Landscape

Development Impacts
Landscape Development Intensity…
100.0
Wetland Condition Index
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
Human Disturbance Gradient
Independent measure of disturbance using land

use/land cover, aerial photographs, and
ground observations
Based on intensity of human use
 Intensity measured by nonrenewable energy

flow.
 Energy expressed in the same quality.
 Energy flow characteristics determined per
hectare of various land use types.
Land Use, Non-Renewable Empower Density, and Resulting LDI Coefficients
Non-Renewable LDI
Land Use Empower Density Coefficients
Land Use
(E14 sej/ha/yr)
Natural EcoSystem 0.00 1.00
Development
Natural Open water 0.00 1.00
Pine Plantation 5.10 1.58
Recreational / Open Space (Low-intensity) 6.55 1.83
Woodland Pasture (with livestock)
Pasture (without livestock)
8.00
17.20
2.02
2.77
Intensity
Low Intensity Pasture (with livestock)
Citrus
33.31
44.00
3.41
3.68 Coefficients...
High Intensity Pasture (with livestock) 46.74 3.74
Row crops 107.13 4.54
Single Family Residential (Low-density) 1,077.00 6.79
Recreational / Open Space (High-intensity) 1,230.00 6.92
High Intensity Agriculture (Dairy farm) 1,349.20 7.00
Single Family Residential (Med-density) 2,175.00 7.47
Single Family Residential (High-density) 2,371.80 7.55
Mobile Home (Medium density) 2,748.00 7.70
Highway (2 lane) 3,080.00 7.81
Low Intensity Comm ercial 3,758.00 8.00
Institutional 4,042.20 8.07
Highway (4 lane) 5,020.00 8.28
Mobile Home (High density) 5,087.00 8.29
Industrial 5,210.60 8.32
Multi-family Residential (Low rise) 7,391.50 8.66
High Intensity Comme rcial 12,661.00 9.18
Multi-family Residential (High rise) 12,825.00 9.19
Central Business District (Average 2 stories) 16,150.30 9.42
Central Business District (Average 4 stories) 29,401.30 10.00
Representative LDI Coefficients
Land use LDI-Coeff.

Natural landscape 1.0
Tree plantation 1.6
Pasture 3.0 - 3.7
Agriculture 4.0 - 5.0
Residential uses 6.0 - 8.3
Roadways 7.8 - 8.5
Commercial/Industrial uses 8.0 - 10.0
LDI =  (LDIj * %LUj)

Where,
LDI = Landscape Development Intensity Index
LDIj = LDI coefficient for land use “j”
%LUj = Percent area of the wetland drainage
basin occupied by land use “j”
Total Nitrogen Load

22
20
18
16
TN (kg/ha-yr)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LDI
Total Phosphorus Load

3.5
2.5
TP (kg/ha-yr)
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LDI
Total Suspended Solids Load

700
600
TSS ( kg/ha/yr )
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LDI
LDI and Wetland Rapid

10 Assessment “Score”
9
8
7
6
WRAP
5
4
Agricultural
3 Reference
2 Urban
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LDI
100 Reference
Agricultural
Urban
80
Florida WCI
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
LDI
Global Ecosystem Health as a

Function of Landscape
Development Intensity??
Global Estimate of Ecological Health
Landscape
De v e lopme nt
In t e n sit y
LDI % Impaired
9 - 10 90%
8-9 80%
5-7 60%
4-5 50%
3-4 40%
2-3 30%
1-2 20%
1.0 0 - 10%

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Emergy & Complex Systems

Day 4, Lecture 8….

Oil spill, phosphate mining, transformity and

Emergy Ratios for

On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh

Map of Alaska showing the

Map showing the extent of the

Two estimates of damages

Percent of the total losses

Distribution of the loss

Oil spill losses compared to

Net benefits from prevention

The role of information

I. Phosphate Mining and

Description, historical perspective,

Summary of Phosphate Mining System

Secondary area of mining

Mining began in late 1800’s

Phosphate mining facts...

Phosphate Mining vs. Everglades Restoration

Total Area 0.7 million Acres 1.5 million acres

II. Quick Photographic

Emergy Evaluation of Phosphate

Systems View and Emergy of Mining

Plant Earth Infor.

(assumes 100 years) E 18 sej

Mining Occurs 3.0 E14 sej/ac/yr

0 100 200 300 400 500

Plant Eart h Inf or.

Gross Primary Production

Sp o i l St ruct ure 1.5

Net Benefit of Reclamat ion:

Net Benefits Ratio...

Plant Eart h Inf or.

Gross Primary Production

Sp o i l St ruct ure 1.5

Net Benefit of Reclamat ion:

Reclamation costs = 1.5 + 3.0 + 1.2

Reclamat ion benefit s = 9 .6 E1 8 sej

Net benefit rat io = 9 .6 / 5 .7 = 1 .6 8 / 1

Transformity and Toxicity

Transformity and Toxicity

Transformities of selected metals as global flows to atmosphere and

Annual releases to atmosphere River ecosystem

Aluminum 9.65E+06 3.30E+07

a - Not including human release

Transformity and Toxicity

 As transformities (emergy intensities) increase

 Effects can be both positive and negative.

Transformity does not suggest the outcome that

Transformity and Toxicity

Transformity and Toxicity

 For instance, using the transformity of mercury in the previous

 Using this specific emergy, and a mercury concentration of

Emergy Density of Florida Ecosystems is

Landscape Development Intensity (LDI)

System Diagram of Landscape

Human Disturbance Gradient

Independent measure of disturbance using land

Based on intensity of human use

 Intensity measured by nonrenewable energy

Representative LDI Coefficients

Land use LDI-Coeff.