Addressing

DIFFERENT ADDRESSES USED BY

TCP/IP
1. MAC ADDRESS
2. PORT ADDRESS
3. IP ADDRESS
4. SOCKET ADDRESS
 Media Access Control (MAC)
•The MAC, or hardware, address is a 48-bit (6-byte)
address written in a hexadecimal format.
•MAC addresses are 48 bits in length and are expressed as
12 hexadecimal digits.
•The first 6 hexadecimal digits, which are administered by
the IEEE, identify the manufacturer or vendor and thus
comprise the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI).
•The last 6 hexadecimal digits comprise the interface serial
number, or another value administered by the specific
vendor.
MAC addresses sometimes are called burned-in
addresses (BIAs) because they are burned into
read-only memory (ROM) and are copied into
random-access memory (RAM) when the interface
card initializes
MAC Address Components
1. TCP and UDP must use port numbers to
communicate with upper layers
2. It is used by Source and Destination machines.
3. It is a 16 bit address
4. Total addresses=2^16= 65536
5. First 2^10=1024 (0 to 1023) are known as well
known ports and are used for well-known
services.
6. Remaining from 1024 to 65535 used for user
defined applications
7. Port nos. for Telnet-23, smtp-25,http-80,ftp-21 to
be handled by TCP
8. Port nos. for tftp-69, snmp-161, ech-7 to be
handled by UDP
PORT ADDRESSES
 Key Protocols That Use TCP and UDP

8
Hex to Binary to Decimal Chart
Hex to Binary to Decimal Chart
Visual Objective for Lab 4-1 Converting Decimal to Binary
and Binary to Decimal
Internet Protocol Characteristics
 Operates at network layer of OSI
 Connectionless protocol
 Packets treated independently
 Hierarchical addressing
 Best-effort delivery
 No data-recovery features
 IP Addressing
xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
32 bits
Clas
s Network Id (Netid) Hostid
Type
•Each IP address consists of four bytes ( i.e. 32bits),defining two
parts: netid and hostid where the netid identifies the network and
the hostid identifies a host on that network.
• These two parts are of varying lengths depending on the class of
the address.
•The first few bits (ranging from 1 to 4) of netid determine the class
of the address.
•In decimal form, an IP address consists of four fields separated by
dots, where each field contains a value in the range 0 - 255.
• This is called dotted decimal notation
Reserved Address
IP Address Ranges

*127 (01111111) is a Class A address reserved for loopback testing and cannot
be assigned to a network.
 Internet Address
Classes
Byte1 Byte2 Byte3 Byte4

Class A 0 Netid Hostid

Class 10 Netid Hostid

B

Class C 110 Netid Hostid

Class 1110 Multicast addresses

D

Class
ClassAE 1111 Reserved for future use
 Classes using decimal
notation
From To

Class 0 0 0 0 127 255 255 255

A Netid -----------Hostid-------- Netid -----------Hostid-----------
------ -------

Class 128 0 0 0 191 255 255 255

B
......Netid ……….. ------Hostid--- …….Netid ………………… -----Hostid------
---- -----

Class C 192 0 0 0 223 255 255 255

…………Netid…………………..- …………Netid………………………. -Hostid--
Hostid-------------- ---
Class D 224 0 0 0 239 255 255 255
Multicast Address Multicast Address

Class E 240 0 0 0 255 255 255 255

Reserved Addresses Reserved Addresses

 IP Address Space

•Each octet in an IP address ranges in value

from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 255.
•Full range of IP addresses is from 0.0.0.0
through 255.255.255.255.
•That represents a total of 4,294,967,296
possible IP addresses.
•This entire range of IP addresses is known as
IP address space
 Private IP Address
Some specific address spaces within
class A, B and C have been reserved
for private networks and need not to
have allotment from IANA (Internet
Assigned Number Authority)
Private IP Addresses
Class Private Address Range

A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
 The combination of the IP-address and
Port- address forms Socket Address as
shown below-
Port - Nos
Source IP Dest IP Sr Dest
Connection 1 129.5.4.45 129.5.4.60 1234 21 ftp port
Connection 2 129.5.4.45 129.5.4.60 1295 21
So, it is how two different users are sending files simultaneously to
same destination