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• Brainstorming:
• The overall aim of brainstorming is to obtain several creative
ideas that might work as solution principles for development of
product.
• All team members are encouraged to be open and uninhibited
during the initial session of brainstorming.
• Generally, group with 5-15 people participate in brainstorming
session. Usually, session will continue for 30-45 minutes.
• Avoid hierarchically structured groups.
• Drawbacks:
– What? What happens if X occurs? What resulted in success? What resulted in failure?
– Why? Why is this done? Why is that particular rule, action, solution, problem, failure
involved?
– How? How could it be done, should it be done, prevented, improved, changed, made?
• Five Whys:
• “If one generate one idea it will probably be a poor idea; if one generates many ideas, one
good idea might exist for further development” (Ullman, 1992).
• The emphasis is on attaining a correct description of what the product is to do as a system
of functions.
• Functional modeling provides a basis for organizing the design team, tasks, and process.
• Derived or generated directly from the customer needs.
• The function defines clear boundaries to associate assemblies or subassemblies of the
final design solutions.
• What is function?
• A function of a product is a statement of a clear, reproducible relationships between the
available input and the desired output of a product, independent on any particular form.
• Usually just a “ Noun and an active verb” Examples “ Chop beans”, “ Clip nails”
• The relation between the various sub-functions and functions are often governed by
constrains or input – output relations.
• Abstraction:
• It is the process of ignoring what is particular or incidental and emphasizing what is
general and essential.
How Why
Energy Energy
Dish washer
Mechanical Pencil
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M o r phologi cal M e th od: Exa m p l e
• These three categories are “ identifying conflicts and solving them with known
physical principles,” “ identifying new principles,” and identifying new product
functions and solving them with known or new principles.”
• Compromises is unacceptable.
Principle 1: Segmentation
Principle 40: Composite materials
• Divide an object into independent parts.
• For lighter-weight, stronger vests, the use of
• Make an object easy to disassemble.
composites is an active area of research.
Principle 26: Copying
• Polymers (Kevlar) reinforced with carbon nanofibers
• Instead of an unavailable, expensive, fragile
are currently being investigated as a strong
object, use simpler and inexpensive copies.
lightweight alternative to steel for structural
• Replace an object, or process with optical materials.
copies.
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T R IZ Exa m p l e
Conflicts is we desired heavy iron to remove the wrinkles from the cloths but we do
not want a heavy iron due to the impact on ergonomics.
8 – Principle of counterweight: Attach an object with lifting power or use the interactions
with the environment, e.g. aerodynamic lift.
1 – Principle of segmentation: Divide the object into independent parts that are easy to
dissemble, increase the degree of segmentation as much as possible.
37 – Application of thermal expansion: Use expansion or contraction of material by
heat. Use materials with different coefficient of thermal expansion.
18 – Use of mechanical vibration: Make the object vibrate. Increase the frequency of
vibration.
– Principle 21: Rushing Through Inflate the air bag faster than current practice.
– Principle 40: Composite materials Airbag material that can’t grab skin as it is deployed
• AHP builds upon the mathematical properties of matrices for making consistent
pairwise comparisons.
• AHP leads a design team through the calculation of weighting factors for decision criteria
for one level of the hierarchy at a time.
• AHP also defines a pairwise, comparison based method for determining relative ratings for
the degree to which each of a set of options fulfills each of the criteria.
2. Manufacturing cost
3. Reparability
4. Durability
5. Reliability
6. Time to produce.
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AH P Pr o c e ss
• The rating of pair A to pair B is the reciprocal of the rating of pair B to A. That
means if it is determined that A is strongly more important than B, the rating of A
to B is set as 5. This makes the rating of B to A 1/5 or 0.20.
• AHP Process:
6. If CR < 0.1 the {W} is considered to be valid; otherwise adjust [C] entries and repeat.
• Objective
• Selecting a car
• Criteria
• Alternatives