Chapter 1

Math Review

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 Math Vocabulary Concepts
< Less than The baby weighs < 5 pounds

The total cholesterol was

> Greater than > 200 mg/dL

≥ Greater than or equal to Give the medication if the systolic

blood pressure is ≥ 160

Hold the medication if his heart

≤ Less than or equal to rate is ≤ 60 bpm

√ Square root √16 means the square root of 16

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 Dividing a Number or
Fraction by Itself
 A number or fraction divided by itself equals 1

 A number or fraction divided by 1 equals itself

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 Whole Numbers
 Sum is the result of addition
The sum of 2 and 2 is 4 2+2=4

 Product is the result of multiplication

The product of 3 and 6 is 18 3 x 6 = 18

 Factor is any whole number that can divide another

number evenly without a remainder

3 has factors of 1 and 3

25 has factors of 1, 5, and 25
60 has factors of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 30, and 60

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 Whole Numbers (Cont.)
 Common factor: A whole number that divides
every number in a pair or group of numbers
evenly

5 and 10 have the common factor 5

4 and 16 have the common factors of 2 and 4
12 and 8 have the common factors of 2 and 4

 A common factor can never be greater than

the smallest number in the group

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 Square and Square Root
 Square
 The product of a number multiplied by itself once

Example:
4 x 4 = 4^2 = 42 = 16

 Square root
 Number used to arrive at a square when multiplied
by itself
 The inverse of a square

Example:
√4 = 2, √9 = 3, √100 = 10
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 Bases, Exponents, and
Powers of 10
 Bases and exponents are numbers written with two parts
 Example: 2^3 (two to the third power) written as 23
 2 is the base number multiplied by itself by
 A power of 3, meaning multiply by itself 3 times

2x2x2=8

 Powers of 10
 When working with powers of ten, note the number of zeroes in the
answer
Example:
102 = 10 x 10 = 100
103 = 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000
104 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000

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 Multiplying and Dividing by
Multiples of 10
 Multiples of 10, such as 10, 100, 1000, and so on
 Move the decimal place (to right or left) the number of
places equal to that in the divisor or multiplier
 To divide, examine divisor for number of zeroes
1000 ÷ 10 = 100
Move decimal point to left equal to number of zeroes

 To multiply, examine multiplier for number of zeroes

10 x 1000 = 10,000
123

Move decimal point to right equal to number of zeroes

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 Decimal Fractions
 Any fraction with a denominator of 10
 Fractions in abbreviated form use a decimal
point to replace the denominator
 Decimal point identifies specific power of ten
in denominator

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 Decimal Fractions (Cont.)
 Determining power of 10 in the denominator
 Count the number of places to the right of the
decimal point

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 Reading Numbers and Decimals
 Read the number or numbers appearing to the left of
the decimal point out loud
 Read the decimal point as “and” or “point”
 Read the number to the right of the decimal point as
the denominator
 Read the decimal in fraction form
0.5 reads “five tenths”
1.5 reads “one and 5 tenths” or “one point 5”
42.005 reads “42 and 5 thousandths”
2.0008 reads “2 and eight ten-thousandths” or 2 point zero,
zero, zero, eight ten-thousandths”

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 Rounding Decimals
 Locate specified place value
 Round to the nearest tenth, hundredth, etc.

 If the number is 0 to 4
 Leave it unchanged

 If the number is 5 or greater

 Round the number up by 1

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Examples of Rounding Decimals

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 Multiplying Decimals
 Multiply the numbers
 Calculate the total number of decimal places
in the two numbers multiplied
 Count right to left the amount of total number
of decimal places
 Insert a decimal in that position

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 Dividing Decimals
 Divide the numbers
 Calculate the total number of decimal places in the two numbers
divided
 Count right to left the amount of total number of decimal places
 Insert a decimal in that position

Move decimal to right one place

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 Fractions
 A fraction is a number describing parts of a whole
number
 Has a numerator and denominator
 The denominator is the same as the divisor
 Every fraction means “division” of

Division bar 1 is the numerator

or dividing line 6 is the denominator

 So if a pizza has 6 slices and you eat one, you have

consumed 1/6 of the pizza

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 Converting Mixed and
Improper Fractions
 Mixed fraction
 A whole number and a fraction together
 Convert a mixed fraction to an improper
fraction
 Multiply the denominator by the whole number
 Add it to the numerator

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 Reducing Fractions
 Simplifies math to lowest terms
 To reduce, divide numerator by denominator by
common factor until it can no longer be divided by
whole numbers
 Try numerator as common factor or
 Try dividing by 2, or
 Find all factors of the numerator and denominator
 A fraction cannot be further reduced if the numerator
is 1

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 Converting Improper Fractions to
Mixed Fractions
 An improper fraction is when the numerator is ≥ the
denominator
Examples: 20 10 27
6 8 23
Convert an improper fraction to a mixed fraction
 Divide the numerator by the denominator
 Subtract the numerator from the whole number that evenly
goes into the numerator
 Put that number over the denominator

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 Adding and Subtracting Fractions
 To add and subtract fractions each must have
the same denominator

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 Adding and Subtracting Fractions
(Cont.)
 If denominators are not the same
 Identify the LCD (lowest common denominator)
 Create equivalent fraction
 Add or subtract fractions

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 Cancelation and Multiplication
of Fractions
 Reduce numerators and denominators diagonally by
a common factor to simplify fraction multiplication
 Canceling when numerators and denominators are
the same:

 Canceling when numerators and denominators are

different (but have common factors):

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 Division of Fractions
 Invert the dividing fractions as shown in red below
and then multiply:

 Reduce numerators and denominators diagonally by

a common factor to simplify fraction multiplication

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Changing a Fraction to a Percentage
 Multiply the fraction by 100
 Add percent sign (%)

Example:

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Changing a Percentage to a Fraction
 Divide the percentage by a denominator of
100
 Move the decimal point two places to the left
 Remove the percentage sign (%)

Example:

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Changing a Decimal to a Percentage
 Multiply the decimal by 100
 Move the decimal point two places to the right
 Add percentage sign (%)

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Changing a Percentage to a Decimal
 Divide percentage by 100, moving decimal
two places to the left
 Remove percentage sign (%)

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 Constant
 A number or quantity that does not change

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 Finding the Unit Values and Totals
 Margin of error decreased when numbers are
simplified
 To find unit value, divide by total by number of units
Example:
10 tablets for $30.00 = 30 ÷ 10 = $3.00 per tablet

 Finding total value

 Determine unit value and multiply by total quantity
Example:
4 cups cost $1.00. How much will 16 cups cost?
$1.00 ÷ 4 = $0.25 per cup
$0.25 x 16 = $4.00

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