REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS

SOLUTIONS: ACIDS, BASES AND

SALTS
 Aqueous Solution

 It is a solution in which the solvent is water.

 It is denoted as “aq” in chemistry.
PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS
SOLUTIONS
Aqueous solutions of most protic acids exhibit
certain properties:
•Acids have a sour taste. Pickles are usually preserved in vinegar, a
5% solution of acetic acid. Lemons contain citric acid, which is
responsible for their characteristic sour taste.
•Acids change the colors of many indicators. Acids turn blue litmus
red, and cause bromthymol blue to change from blue to yellow.
• Nonoxidizing acids react with metals above hydrogen in the
activity series to liberate hydrogen gas, H2. Ex: Nitric acid, HNO3, a
common oxidizing acid, reacts with metals to produce primarily
nitrogen oxides.
•Acids react with metal oxides and metal hydroxides to form salts
and water.
•Acids react with salts of weaker acids to form the weaker acid
and the salt of the stronger acid. Ex: 3HCl(aq) +Na3PO4(aq)
H3PO4(aq) + 3NaCl(aq).
Aqueous solutions of most bases also exhibit certain
properties, which are due to the hydrated hydroxide
ions present in aqueous solutions of bases:
•Bases have a bitter taste.
•Bases have a slippery feeling. Soaps are common
examples that are mildly basic. A solution of household
bleach feels very slippery because it is quite basic.
•Bases change the colors of many indicators: bases
turn litmus from red to blue, and bromthymol blue
changes from yellow to blue.
•Bases react with acids to form salts and, in most cases,
water.
•Their aqueous solutions conduct an electric current
because bases are dissociated or ionized to some
extent.
REDOX REACTION
OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION

 Also known as redox reaction

 is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer
of electrons between two species.
 Oxidation is losing electron while reduction gains
electrons.
BALANCING REDOX REACTIONS
 Write the unbalance equation for the reaction in ionic
form.
 Separate the equation into two half forms and
identify the oxidation and reduction in the equation.
 Balance each equation. By adding electrons or adding
water in the equation. Also, balance the O2 and H2
atoms in the equations. Also identify the net charges
of each equation.
 Multiply each sides in order to equalize the number of
electrons.
 Cancel electrons of both sides
 Check if the equation is balanced.
 Balance the reactions
 Zn + Ag Zn 2 + Ag
 Al + Cu 2 Al 3 + Cu
Answer in Acid and Basic solution:
•MnO4- + I- MnO2 + I2
•Fe 2+ + Cr2O7 2- Fe 3+ + Cr 3+
•PH3 + I2 H3PO2 - + I -
•Mn 2+ + BiO3 - MnO4 - + Bi 3+
More Problems:
•MnO4 - + C2O4 2- MnO2 + CO2
•Fe + CrO42− Fe2O3 + Cr2O3
•CO3 2− + N2H4 CO + N2
ARRHENIUS THEORY
 Acids- is a substance that contains hydrogen and
produces H1 in aqueous solution. The have ph level
less than 7. Examples: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
 Bases- is a substance that contains the OH (hydroxyl)
group and produces hydroxide ions,OH2, in aqueous
solution. They have ph level more than 7. Examples:
NaOH, KOH
 Neutralization- is defined as the reaction of H1 ions
with OH2 ions to form H2O molecules.
In 1680, Robert Boyle noted that acids:
• Dissolve many substances.
•change the colors of some natural dyes (indicators).
•lose their characteristic properties when mixed with alkalis
(bases)
By 1814, J. Gay-Lussac concluded that acids neutralize bases and
that the two classes of substances should be defined in terms of
their reactions with each other.
In 1884, Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927) presented his theory of
electrolytic dissociation, which resulted in the Arrhenius theory
of acid–base reactions. In his view, The Arrhenius theory of
acid–base behavior satisfactorily explained reactions of
proticacids with metal hydroxides (hydroxyl bases).
Hydronium Ion
 It is also known as hydrated Hydrogen atom.
 hydronium is the common name for the aqueous
cation H₃O⁺, the type of oxonium ion produced by
protonation of water. H3O1, orH1(H2O)n, in which n=1.
 Used as a shorthand for proton in aqueous solution.
BRONSTED LOWRY THEORY
 In 1923, J. N. Bronsted (1879–1947) and T. M. Lowry (1874–
1936) independently presented logical extensions of the
Arrhenius theory. Bronsted’s contribution was more
thorough than Lowry’s, and the result is known as the
Bronsted theory or the Bronsted–Lowry theory.
 Acids are proton donors while bases are proton acceptors.
An acid–base reaction is the transfer of a proton from an acid
to a base.
 This theory is described in terms of conjugate acid–base
pairs. These are two species that differ by a proton.
 H2O+ HF H3O+ + F- (Identify the conjugate pairs, the
bases and acids)
 NH3 + H2O NH4+ OH (identify the acid, base,
conjugate acid, conjugate base).
 Conjugate acid: an acid that forms when a base gains
a proton.
 Conjugate base: a base that forms when an acid loses
a proton.
 Water is AMPHOTERIC- it can be either an acid or
base.
AUTOINIZATION OF WATER
 Auto ionization means self ionization.
 One H2O molecule (the acid) donates a proton to
another H2O molecule (the base). The H2O molecule
that donates a proton becomes an OH2 ion, the
conjugate base of water.
 Water is said to be amphiprotic; that is, H2O
molecules can both donate and accept protons.
AMPHOTERISM
 Amphoterism is a more general term that describes the
ability of a substance to react either as an acid or as a base.
Amphiprotic behavior describes the cases in which
substances exhibit amphoteric by accepting and by donating
a proton, H1. Several insoluble metal hydroxides are
amphoteric; that is, they react with acids to form salts and
water, but they also dissolve in and react with excess strong
bases.
 Aluminum hydroxide is a typical amphoteric metal
hydroxide. Its behavior as a base is illustrated by its reaction
with nitric acid to form a normal salt.
Strength of Acids
 Weak Acids- does not dissociate completely in water
solution.
 Strong Acids- dissociates completely in water.
 Binary Acids
 The ease of ionization of binary protic acids depends on
both (1) the ease of breaking Hi X bonds and (2) the
stability of the resulting ions in solution.
 Lets put the example of Hydrogen plus elements of Group
7A elements.
HX+ 1 H2O H3O1(aq) + X- X = Cl, Br, I, F
The Strongest Bond of Acid is the Hydroflouric Acid.
Followed by HCl, HBr, HI. However, this made the HF to be a
weak acid.
Why HF is a weaker acid among other
hydrogen halides:

 ELECTRONEGATIVITY- In HF the electronegativity

difference is 1.9, compared with 0.9 in HCl, 0.7 in
HBr,and 0.4 in HI.
 H-X bond- The bond strength is considerably greater
in HF than in the other three molecules.
 The small, highly charged F2 ion, formed when HF
ionizes, causes increased ordering of the water
molecules.
 Ternary Acids
 Most ternary acids are hydroxyl compounds of non-metals that
ionize to produce H+.
 In most ternary acids the hydroxyl oxygen is bonded to a fairly
electronegative nonmetal.HNO3 H+ + 1 NO3-
 Hydroxides- produces ions in waters to give basic solutions.
NaOH Na+ + OH-
 Acid strengths of most ternary acids containing the same
central element increase with increasing oxidation state of
the central element and with increasing numbers of oxygen
atoms. EX:
H2SO3 < H2SO4
HNO2 < HNO3 (strongest on the right)
HClO ,<HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
 For most ternary acids containing different elements
from the same periodic table, in the same oxidation
state, acid strengths increase with increasing
electronegativity of the central element.
 H2SeO4 < H2SO4
 H2SeO3 <H2SO3
 H3PO4 < HNO3
 HBrO4 < HClO4
 HBrO3 < HClO3
Acid-Base Reactions in Aqueous Solution
 Neutralization reactions involve the reaction of an acid with a
base to form a salt that contains the cation characteristic of
the base and the anion characteristic of the acid. Water is also
usually formed.
 For example: Perchloric acid, HClO4, reacts with sodium
hydroxide to produce sodium perchlorate, NaClO4, a soluble
ionic salt and water.
 HClO4+ NaOH NaClO4 + H2O
 By eliminating the Na anf ClO, we get the ionic net
equation:H+OH H2O (Strong acids with strong bases)
 Acid + Base forms salt and water. Example: Acetic acid reacts
with sodium hydroxide to form sodium acetate and water.
Now let us derive the ionic equation:
 Hence the ionic equation when a weak monoprotic acid reacts
with a base is: HA + OH hA + H2O (where A=ion)
 For Strong acids and weak bases: H+ AOH H2O+ A.
Where A is the Cation.
 Example is Hydrochloric Acid reacts with ammonium
hydroxide to form water and ammonium chloride.
 Net ion equation: H+NH4OH H2O + NH4+
 Examples
 What is the net ionic equation when Sulfuric acid reacts
with sodium hydroxide to form Sodium sulfate and water.
 Answer: 2H++2OH- 2H2O
 Hydroflouric acid reacts with Potassium hydroxide to form
Potassium flouride and water.
 Answer: HF + OH- F-+H2O
 Hydrogen cyanide reacts with sodium hydroxide to form
Sodium cyanide and water.
 Answer: HCN + OH- CN- + H2O
 Phosphoric acid reacts with potassium hydroxide to form
potassium phosphate and water.
 H3PO4+3OH- PO4 3- + H2O
 Hydrochloric acid reacts with Barium hydroxide to form
water and Barium Chloride.
 Net Ion equation: 2H++2OH- 2 H2O
ACIDIC SALTS AND BASIC SALTS
 Normal salts- acid base reaction in which Arrhenius acids
and bases are mixed. Example is Phosphoric acid reacts
with Sodium Hydroxide to form water and sodium
phosphate. Sodium phosphate is the normal salt.

 Acidic Salt- less than the stoichiometric amount of base

reacts with polyprotic acid.

 Basic Salt- The reaction of a polyhydroxyl base with less

than a stoichiometric amount of an acid.
LEWIS THEORY
 In 1923, Professor G. N. Lewis (1875–1946) presented the
most comprehensive of the classic acid–base theories.
 In the Lewis model, the H+ ion is the active species it
accepts a pair of electrons from the OH- ion to form a
covalent bond.
 The Lewis Bases donates electrons while the Lewis acids
accepts electron.
 The Lewis theory suggests that acids react with bases to
share a pair of electrons, with no change in the oxidation
numbers of any atoms. Many chemical reactions can be
sorted into one or the other of these classes. Either
electrons are transferred from one atom to another, or the
atoms come together to share a pair of electrons.
 For example: AlCl3+ Cl- AlCl4. The Cl- is the lewis
base while AlCl3 is the lewis acid.
PREPARATION OF ACIDS
 Small quantities of the hydrogen halides (their solutions are
called hydrohalic acids)and other volatile acids are usually
prepared by adding concentrated nonvolatile acids to the
appropriate salts. (Sulfuric and phosphoric acids are classified
as nonvolatile acids because they have much higher boiling
points than other common acids.) The reactions of
concentrated sulfuric acid with solid sodium fluoride and
sodium chloride produce gaseous hydrogen fluoride and
hydrogen chloride, respectively.
 Nonvolatile acid reacts with Salt of volatile acid to form salt of
nonvolatile acid and volatile acid.
 GOD BLESS EVERYONE

For the lord grants wisdom! From his mouth comes knowledge and understanding.
-Proverbs 2:6