Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SMALL?
HOW SMALL MUTATIONS PAY BIG
OFF • A life-sized model of a 1434 A.D. Korean water clock known as
Jagyeongnu, on display at The National Palace Museumof
Korea. As the water rises in the large tank, a floating rod
Clepsydra
HOW SMALL MUTATIONS PAY BIG
OFF• 1250 A.D. , a mechanical mutation came along
to change all that. It was a very small and
1.
very simple device that would revolutionize
time-keeping, and it is still in use today.
3.
travel, factories, science, and worrying where
your children are at this hour.
HOW USB REALLY IS UNIVERSAL?
HOW USB REALLY IS UNIVERSAL?
HOW USB REALLY IS UNIVERSAL?
HARDRIVES
SCANNERS
EXTERNAL
COMPUTER
MICE
HOW USB REALLY IS UNIVERSAL?
HOW USB REALLY IS UNIVERSAL?
HOW USB REALLY IS UNIVERSAL?
• The USB3 connector on a PC looks similar to a USB port but with a notch on one side. USB3
controllers operate using a dual-bus architecture that allows the bus to run USB2 and
1.
USB1 on one set of wires while also sending data 10 times faster—5 gigabits per second—
through a second set of wires.
• The connections on either side of the notch lead to the same cable, which also
contains power and ground lines for supplying electricity that peripherals need
2.
to function. USB2 transmissions of data, or signals, travel over USB2’s normal
pair of thin, unshielded twisted wires.
• USB3 signals are carried by shielded, multi-core wires within wires that are configured as
two shielded differential pairs (SDP) inside the same cable as the USB2 wiring. The pairs
use thicker wires and a layer of braided metal strips as skins surrounding each pair. Each
3.
of the USB3 braided pairs can be used for transmission and reception; that means USB3
connections can read and write data simultaneously—dual simplex—compared to USB
2.0’s half duplex scheme.
HOW USB REALLY IS UNIVERSAL?
• Essentially all electrical signals consist of pulses of electricity of a
certain time span and voltage. To achieve 5GB bandwidth, USB signals
4. must be shorter so that more of them can be sent in the same length of
time.
5. Shielding is needed to cut out the electrical noise that disturbs the integrity of the
signal and prevents the bus from achieving that 5GB/s throughput.
• Down each of the paired wires, USB3 sends signals that are identical
6. except that their voltages are the opposite of each other.
HOW USB REALLY IS UNIVERSAL?
• Any electrical interference that makes it through the shielding affects the
signals in both wires identically so that the voltage of each is raised or
7. lowered the same amount. The difference in voltage between A and B
equals the difference between A1 and B1.
• The connectors at the receiving end are designed to work with USB3
or USB2 equipment. The common Standard A port has pins on
9. opposite sides. USB2 and USB3 plugs go into the same port upside-
down in respect to each other.
HOW USB REALLY IS UNIVERSAL?
10. For the USB Standard B port, often found on printers, a “penthouse”
has been added to the USB2 port to accommodate plugs for USB3.
USB2 plugs still connect normally.
1Gb
100 mb
500mb
100 mb
2TB 800mb
10 mb
1Tb
4Tb 000 mb
100 mb
8Gb
150 mb
5 mb
16Gb 28gb
HOW LITTLE BITS ADD UP TO BIG CHANCES
Shingled Memory
Recording
(2011)
Zoned Bit Recording (1996)
PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIC RECORDING (2007)
BIT PATTERNED MEDIA (2013)
SHINGLED MEMORY RECORDING (2011)
HOW FILE COMPRESSION MAKES FILES
SMALLER?
TITLE OF THE FOLDER DRIVE SIZE COMPRESS SIZE