Teori Atom dan Sistem

Periodik Unsur
 Atomic Theory
0 Because we can not see atoms, we use models to teach
and learn about atoms.
0 The atomic theory has changed over time as new
technologies have become available.

0 Remember: Scientific knowledge builds on past research and

experimentation.
 What is Today’s Model?
Composed of Protons,
Neutrons, and Electrons
Dense, Positively Negatively
Charged Nucleus Charged
Electron Cloud

Most Probable
Mostly Location of the
Empty Electrons
Space
 Timeline of Development of Current
Atomic Model
Discovery Discovery
of the of the
Proton Neutron

450 BC 1802 1897 1911 1913 1930

Introduction
Democritus Beginning Discovery
of the wave
proposed of of the
mechanical
the idea of Modern Nucleus
model
atomos. Atomic Discovery
Theory of the The Idea
Electron of Energy
Levels for
Electrons
was
Proposed.
 Early Greeks

Matter is made of indestructible

particles called “atomos”

Democritus (400 BC)

 Summary for Dalton’s
Atomic Theory
(Father of the Modern Atomic Theory)
All atoms of a single element have the same mass

Atoms of different elements are different.

Atoms can’t be divided, created or destroyed.

Atoms of different elements combine in simple

whole-number ratios to form compounds.
 Discovery of the Electron
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube to deduce the presence of a
negatively charged particle.

Cathode ray tubes pass electricity through a gas that is contained at a very low
pressure.
Cathode Ray
 J.J. Thomson

• He concluded that ALL

atoms must contain
negative particles.
• He knew that atoms did not
have a net negative charge
and so there must be
something positive that
balances the negative
charge.

J.J. Thomson
William Thomson’s (Sir Kelvin)
Atomic Model (1910)
Ernest Rutherford’s (1871-1937)
Where exactly are those electrons?

Thomson’s Theory:”

 electrons embedded in a positive pudding.

Rutherford’s idea:

 Shoot something at them to see where they are.

Rutherford’s has an idea…
What if I shoot alpha radiation at
gold atoms in gold foil?

Discovery of the nucleus

 Flourescent
Screen
Uranium

Gold Foil
 He Expected
• The alpha particles to pass through without
changing direction very much.
• Because…
• The positive charges were spread out evenly.
Alone they were not enough to stop the alpha
particles.
What he expected
Because
Because, he thought the mass was
evenly distributed in the atom
What he got
How he explained it
• Atom is mostly empty.
• Small dense,
positive piece
center. +
• Alpha particles
are deflected by
it if they get close
enough.
+
Rutherford’s Conclusion (1911)…

Small, dense, positive nucleus.

Equal amounts of (-) electrons at large distances

outside the nucleus.
 Neils Bohr’s Atomic model (1913)

Small, dense, positive nucleus.

Equal amounts of (-) electrons at specific orbits
around the nucleus.

This incorrect version of the atom is often used to represent atoms

because it shows energy levels for electrons.
 ** James Chadwick
discovered neutrons in 1932.
-- n0 have no charge
and are hard to detect
-- purpose of n0 = stability of nucleus
Chadwick
 Quantum Mechanical Model
-electron cloud model-
-charge cloud model-

Schroedinger, Pauli, Heisenberg, Dirac (up to 1940):

According to the QMM, we never know for certain
where the e– are in an atom, but the equations of the
QMM tell us the probability that we will find an
electron at a certain distance from the nucleus.
 Quantum Mechanical Model

Modern atomic theory describes the electronic

structure of the atom as the probability of finding
electrons within certain regions of space (orbitals).
 Atomic Theory Timeline
Scientist Information Model

John All matter is made of atoms.

Dalton Atoms are too small to see,
indivisible and
indestructible. All atoms of a
given element are identical.

Scientist Information Model

Discovered the negative

J.J Thompson electron, and predicted that
there also must be a positive
particle to hold the electrons
in place.
 Atomic Theory Timeline
Scientist Information Model
Ernest Discovered the nucleus of an atom
Rutherford and named the positive particles in
the nucleus “protons”. Concluded
that electrons are scattered in empty
space around the nucleus.

Scientist Information Model

Neutrons

James Discovered that neutrons were also

Chadwick located in the nucleus of an atoms and
that they contain no charge.
 Atomic Theory Timeline
Scientist Information Model

Neils Concluded that electrons are

Bohr located in planet-like orbits
around the nucleus in certain
energy levels.

Scientist Information Model

(Many Scientists!) Electrons do not orbit the
The Modern
Atomic Theory nucleus in neat planet-like
orbits but move at high
speeds in an electron cloud
around the nucleus.
 Elements are organized by similarity
• Modern Periodic Table
organized by the atomic
# of the elements

• Dmitri Mendeleev
began organizing
elements by their www.cartage.org.lb
physical and chemical
properties (1860’s)
 Periodic Table of the Elements
• Mendeleev produced
the first periodic table

• Called the periodic

table because a
periodic, or repeating
pattern of properties
of the elements

spiff.rit.edu
 Periodic Table
• Period: each row of the
periodic table is called a
period. If you read from left
to right one proton and one
electron are added from
one element to the next

• Group/Family: Each column

of the table is called a group
or family. Elements in a
group share similar
properties. Groups/Families
are read from top to bottom

www.chem4kids.com
 Atomic Size on the Periodic Table
• Left to right atomic size decreases
• Top to bottom atomic size increases

encarta.msn.com
More Properties of Periodic Table

www.cartage.org.lb
 Periodic Table has distinct regions
• Reactive: indicates how likely an element is to
undergo a chemical change

• Most elements are somewhat reactive and

combine with other materials

• The most reactive are in groups (up/down) 1

and 17
• The least reactive are in group (up/down) 18
• Most elements are Metals
metals
• Metals are elements
that conduct
electricity and heat,
have shiny
appearance, and
can be shaped by
pounding, bending,
or being drawn into
a thin wire
 Metal types
• Reactive metals: Group (up/down) 1 most reactive

• Transition Metals: Group 3-12 (up/down) generally less

reactive than most metals
 Rare Earth Elements

www.riken.jp
• Top row of the two rows of metals that are outside of the main
periodic table

• Also known as Lanthanides because they follow the element

lanthanum (La) on the table

• Scientists once thought these metals were available only in tiny

amounts on the Earth
 Actinide
• bottom row of the two
rows of metals that are
outside of the main
periodic table

• The Actinide series is all

radioactive and some are www.chem4kids.com
not found in nature.
 Nonmetals
• Nonmetals: the elements on the right side of the
periodic table
• Many are gases at room temperature
 Halogens
• Elements in group 17
• 7 valence electrons

• Greek “forming salts

• Very reactive non-metals that

easily form compounds with www.chem4kids.com
metals. These compounds are
known as salts.
 Noble Gases
• Group 18 on the
periodic table
• 8 valence electrons

• Noble or inert because

they almost never react
with other elements www.chem4kids.com
 Metalloids
• Have properties of both metals and nonmetals
• Located on either side of the zigzag line separating
metals and nonmetals
• Most common is Silicon

www.mvschools.org