OPTIMAL RESCHEDULING OF GENERATORS

FOR CONGESTION MANAGEMENT IN

RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEM

Guided by- Presented by-

Dr. Niranjan Kumar Preeti Borkar
Associate Professor & HOD 2016PGEEPS11
Dept . of Electrical & Electronics Engg.`
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
 Congestion in power system

 Problem formulation

 System studies

 Future scope

2
CONGESTION IN POWER SYSTEM
 Congestionis defined as the overloading
of one or more transmission lines and
transformers in the power system.

 When the thermal limit , bus voltage

limit and transient stability limit exceeds
congestion occurs in system.

3
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT BY
GENERATOR RESCHEDULING

 Here , rescheduling of Generators are

selected from the system on the bases
of their generator sensitivity to the
congested line.
 After rescheduling the generator
reschedule the active power flow of
the congested line.

4
PROBLEM FORMULATION FOR CONGESTION
MANAGEMENT

Generator sensitivity:-
 A change in real power flow in a
transmission line k connected between bus i
and bus j due to change in power generation
by generator g can be termed as generator
sensitivity to congested line (GS).

 The generators in the system under

consideration have different sensitivities to
the power flow on the congested line. 5
Mathematically, GS for line k can be written as

Δ𝑃𝑖𝑗
𝐺𝑆𝑔 =
Δ𝑃𝐺𝑔
…..(1)
Where
⍙Pij =real power flow on congested
line-k

⍙PGg =real power generated by the gth

generator 6
equation (1) can be expressed as

𝜕𝑃𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝜃𝑖 𝜕𝑃𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝜃𝑗

𝐺𝑆𝑔 = . + . ….(2)
𝜕𝜃𝑖 𝜕𝑃𝐺𝑔 𝜕𝜃𝑗 𝜕𝑃𝐺𝑔

7
The basic power flow equation on congested
line (i-j) can be written as
𝑃𝑖𝑗 = −𝑉𝑖 2𝐺𝑖𝑗 + 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝐺𝑖𝑗 cos(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑗 )
+ 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝐵𝑖𝑗 sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑗 )

…..(2)
Where
𝑉𝑖 = Voltage magnitude
𝜃𝑖 = Phase angle at the ith bus
𝐺𝑖𝑗 = Conductance
𝐵𝑖𝑗 = Susceptance of the line connected 8

between buses i and j

𝜕𝑃𝑖𝑗
= -𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝐺𝑖𝑗 sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑗 ) + 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝐵𝑖𝑗 com 𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑗
𝜕𝜃𝑖

𝜕𝑃𝑖𝑗
= +𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝐺𝑖𝑗 sin(𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑗 ) - 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝐵𝑖𝑗 com൫𝜃𝑖 −
𝜕𝜃𝑗

𝜕𝑃𝑖𝑗 𝜕𝑃𝑖𝑗
=−
𝜕𝜃𝑗 𝜕𝜃𝑖

9
 The relation between incremental change in
active power at system buses and the phase
angles of voltages can be written in matrix
form as

[∆𝑃]= [H][∆𝜃] …….(4)

n×1 n×n n×1

𝜕𝑃1 𝜕𝑃1
⋯
𝜕𝜃1 𝜕𝜃𝑛
[H]= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝜕𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝑃𝑛
⋯ 10
𝜕𝜃1 𝜕𝜃𝑛
 [∆𝜃]= [H]-1 [∆ P]
= [M][∆ P] ….(5)

[M]= [H]-1
𝜕𝜃𝑖 𝜕𝜃𝑗
 To find the values of and ,
𝜕𝑃𝐺𝑔 𝜕𝑃𝐺𝑔
M needs to be found out.
 However, [H] is a singular matrix of
rank one deficiency. So it is not directly
invertible.
11
 The slack bus has been considered as the
reference node and assigned as bus
number 1.

 The elements of first row and first

column of [H]can be eliminated to obtain
a matrix [𝐻−1 ] which can be inverted to
obtain matrix [𝑀−1 ].

 where [𝐻−1 ] represents a matrix with its

first row and column deleted or a vector
with the first element deleted. 12
Using these relations the following
equation can be obtained

[∆𝜃−1 ]=[𝑀−1 ][[∆𝑃−1 ]

….(6)
The actual vector [∆𝜃]can be found by
simply adding the element ∆𝜃1 to as shown
by the following relation
0 0
[∆𝜃]= [∆ P]+ ∆𝜃1 1
0 [𝑀−1 ]
….(7) 13
n×1 n×n n×1 n×1
The second term of the sum in (7)
vanishes as ∆𝜃1 , being the change in phase
angle of slack bus is zero. Accordingly, (7)
reduces to

0 0
[∆𝜃]= [∆ P]
0 [𝑀−1 ]
….(8)
𝜕𝜃𝑖
Thus required elements of and
𝜕𝑃𝐺𝑔
𝜕𝜃𝑗
are
𝜕𝑃𝐺𝑔
found out from (8).
14
 Generator sensitivity values thus
obtained are with respect to the slack
bus as the reference. So the sensitivity
of the slack bus generator to any
congested line in the system is always
zero.

 𝐺𝑆𝑔 denotes how much active power

flow over a transmission line
connecting bus-i and bus-j would
change due to active power injection
by generator g. 15
 The system operator selects the
generators having non uniform and
large magnitudes of sensitivity values
as the ones most sensitive to the power
flow on the congested line and to
participate in congestion management
by rescheduling their power outputs.

𝑖𝑓 𝐺𝑆𝑔 = +ve ∆𝑃𝑔 = −𝑣𝑒

𝐺𝑆𝑔 = −ve ∆𝑃𝑔 = +𝑣𝑒
16
 System studies
Case-1 IEEE 30 bus system

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 The IEEE 30-bus system consists of 6 generator
buses and 24 load buses. Slack node has been
assigned bus number 1.
 Here line 3-4 is removed to create congestion in the
system.
 Two lines have been found to be congested, that are
between buses 2 and 1 and that between buses 6 and
2.
No. From To bus Power Line
bus flow limit
(MW) (MW)

1. 1 2 167.71 130
18
2. 2 6 65.32 65
 Generator data

No. Bus 𝑃𝑔 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥

(MW) (MW)

1. 1 184 360.2
2. 2 56 140
3. 5 25 100
4. 8 15 100
5. 11 20 100
6. 13 10 100

19
 Generator sensitivity Factor

No. Generator GSF ∆𝑃𝑔

no. (MW)

1. 1 0 -49
2. 2 -0.835 +20
3. 5 -0.896 +13
4. 8 -0.889 +4
5. 11 -0.896 +5
6. 13 -0.887 +7
20
Power flow after Generator Rescheduling

No. From To Power Line

bus bus flow limit
(MW) (MW)

1. 1 2 114.20 130
2. 2 6 55.35 65

21
Case-2 New England 39 bus system

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 The 39-bus system consists of 10 generator
buses and 29 load buses. Slack node has been
assigned bus number 30.
 Here line 4-14 is removed to create congestion in
the system.
 Line 6-11 has been found to be congested.

No. From To Power Line

bus bus flow limit
(MW) (MW)

1. 6 11 495.61 480 23
 Generator data
No. Bus 𝑃𝑔 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
(MW) (MW)

1. 30 250 1040
2. 31 677.817 700
3. 32 650 725
4. 33 632 652
5. 34 508 508
6. 35 650 687
7. 36 560 580
8. 37 540 564
9. 38 830 865 24

10. 39 1000 1100

 Generator sensitivity Factor
No. Generator GSF ∆𝑃𝑔
no. (MW)
1. 30 0 +38
2. 31 0.6780 -34
3. 32 0.9051 -70
4. 33 0.8132 -35
5. 34 0.4738 -11
6. 35 -0.1066 +112
7. 36 0.0771 Not Participated
8. 37 0.1600 Not Participated
9. 38 0.0771 Not Participated25
10. 39 0.0771 Not Participated
Power flow after Generator Rescheduling

No. From To Power Line

bus bus flow limit
(MW) (MW)
1. 6 11 476.62 480

26
Case-3 IEEE 57 bus system

27
 The IEEE 57-bus system consists of 7
generator buses and 50 load buses. Slack
node has been assigned bus number 1.
 Here line 7-8 is removed to create congestion
in the system.
 Line 8-9 has been found to be congested.

No. From To Power Line

bus bus flow limit
(MW) (MW)
1. 8 9 211.29 190
28
 Generator data

No. Bus 𝑃𝑔 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥

(MW) (MW)
1. 1 128.9 575.88
2. 2 70 100
3. 3 40 140
4. 6 60 100
5. 8 410 550
6. 9 20 100
7. 12 200 410 29
 Generator sensitivity Factor

No. Generat GSF ∆𝑃𝑔

or no. (MW)
1. 1 0 Not participated
2. 2 0.0098 Not participated
3. 3 0.0431 Not participated
4. 6 -0.121 +38
5. 8 0.0941 -51
6. 9 0.1766 -11
7. 12 -0.0813 +24
30
Power flow after generator rescheduling

No. From To Power flow Line

bus bus (MW) limit
(MW)
1. 8 9 186.92 190

31
 Future Scope
 Identify the minimum cost of rescheduling
using optimization techniques.

 Compare the result of different optimization

techniques to minimize rescheduling cost.

32
 References
[1] Sudipta Dutta, S.P.Singh, “Optimal Rescheduling of Generators for Congestion
Management Based on Particle Swarm Optimization”, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems,
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[2] S.Sivakumar , and D.Devaraj, “Congestion Management in Deregulated Power
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on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 – 10 January 2014.
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stability,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 357–364, Feb. 2006.
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Rescheduling and Load Shedding” IEEE Transaction on power systems , vol. 32,
no.2,march 2017.
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[9] http:// www.indiaenergyportal.org/