A.

Relation and Function

1. Relation
Relation is the relationship between the area of ​origin (domain) and the area
of ​friends (codomain).
While the function is a relation that pairs each member of the original set to one of
the set of friends. The difference between relations and functions lies in how to
pair members of the association to their original area.
Contoh Relation

Suppose a relation denotes a multiplication

relationship. The result of the relation can be
expressed in the set of x and y sequential pairs and
can also be drawn in the cartesian plane.
How to declare the results of the
multiplication relation between sets A and
B can be seen in the example below.

Misal :
A = {1,2,3}
B={2,3}
 2. Function or Mapping
The function or often referred to as mapping is still included in the relation. A relation is
called a function if all members of the original set are attached to one of their friends.
To understand the meaning of functions, consider the following picture.

In figure (i) it can be seen that each member of set A pairs exactly one member
B. The relation that has such characteristics is called function or mapping. While
the second image is not a function.
3. Various Functions
In mathematics there are various functions, two of which are as follows.
1. Constant function
The constant function can be
formulated f (x) = c for each x ∈ D
(f).
(c = constant, D (f) = domain)
Example:
f (x) = 2, whatever the value of x is
the value of the function is still 2
2. Identity Function
The identity function maps every x ∈
D (f) to itself and formulates f (x) = x.
Example:
f (x) = x, then f (2) = 2,
f (5) = 5, f (-2) = –2, and so on.
4. Properties of Functions
The following are some of the functions.

1. Injection Function
Given a set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {a, b, c,
d}.
Function f: x ∈ A → y ∈ B is called injective
function if every y ∈ B has a single friend
at x ∈ A. The injective function is also
called the one-on-one function. If f (x1) = f
(x2) then x1 = x2 or if f (x1) ≠f (x2) then x1
≠ x2.
f = {(1, a), (2, d), (3, b), (4, c)}
2. Surjective Function

Given a set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {a, b,

c}.
Function f: x ∈ A → y ∈ B is called the
objective function if every y ∈ B has a
pair x ∈ A or each member of the set of
friends has a partner in the area of
origin.
f = {(1, a), (2, c), (3, b), (4, c)}.

3. Bijective Function
The function f: x ∈ A → y ∈ B is called a seed
function if the function is injective as well as
objective (one-on-one correspondence) with
the provision of n (A) = n (B).
f = {(1, c), (2, b), (3, a)}.

Fungsi Bijektif
 B. LINEAR FUNCTION
Linear function is a function with the highest independent variable of one rank.
1. Graph of Linear Functions
Graphs of linear functions are straight lines
The general form of a linear function obtained by connecting the intersection with
equation is written: y = ax + b with a the X axis and Y axis in the cartesius
and b ∈ a ≠ 0. coordinates. Consider the following example.

Example:
• Draw a graph whose equation is y = 3x - 4.
To draw a graph of linear functions two ways can be used, namely by:
• Determine the intersection with the X axis and Y axis.

a. Intersecting the X axis, b. The intersection with the Y axis,

the condition is y = 0. the condition is x = 0.
⇔ y = 3x – 4 ⇔ y = 3x – 4
⇔ 0 = 3x – 4 ⇔y=3⋅0–4
⇔ 3x = 4 ⇔ y = –4
⇔ x = 3/4 So, the coordinates of the cut point (0, –4).
so, the coordinates of the cut point( 3/4 , 0).

If the intersection of the X axis and the Y axis intersection point

connected then the line y = 3x - 4 is formed.
2. Gradien
A gradient is a graph slope number or line direction coefficient. The gradient is also called the
slope of the line against the positive X axis. The gradient is denoted by the letter m. If the
angle formed between the lines against the positive X axis is expressed by α ° and the gradient
is expressed as m, then:

Graphical features of linear functions based on

the value of m as follows.
 3. Determine the graph equation of a linear function

The graph equation of a linear function can be determined based on the point it
passes or the gradient. It can even be determined based on a known graph.

a. Through one point

The graphical equation of a linear function through points (x1, y1) and
gradient m can be determined using the following equation: y - y1 = m (x
- x1)

Example: The equation is as follows

y - y1 = m (x - x1)
Determine the graph equation of the y – 4 = 2(x – 2)
linear function through point (2, 4) y – 4 = 2x – 2.2
with gradient 2. y – 4 = 2x – 4
Answer: y = 2x – 4 + 4
Known point (2, 4) then x1 = 2 and y1 y = 2x
=4 So the graph equation of the linear function through
point (2, 4) with gradient 2 is y = 2x
 b. Through two points

The linear function graph equation through two points, namely (x1, y1)
and (x2, y2), can be determined using the equation:

ExampLe ; then the equation is

Determine the graphical equation of
linear function which passes through 𝑥 −2
=
𝑦 −3
4−2 2−3
points A (2, 3) and point B (4, 2).
(y – 3)(2) = (1)(x - 2)
Answer:
-y + 3 = x – 2 – 3
titik A(2, 3) maka 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑦1 = 3
-y = x – 5
titik B(4, 2) maka 𝑥2 = 4, 𝑦2 = 2 y = -x + 5
Jadi, persamaan yang melalui titik A(2, 3)
dan B(4,2) adalah y = -x + 5
 c. With a certain gradient
• Equivalent function graph equations
If there are two straight lines parallel to each other, the value of the gradient is
the same so that it can be written;
m1 = m2

Example:

Determine the graph equation of the linear The line through point (2, 1) with m2 = 3
function through points (2, 1) and gradient is as follows
parallel to line y - 3x + 1 = 0 y - y1 = m (x - x1)
Answer: y - 1 = 3 (x - 2)
y - 3x + 1 = 0, period (2, 1) y - 1 = 3x - 6
then x1 = 2, y1 = 1 y = 3x - 6 + 1
y - 3x + 1 y = 3x - 5
From the equation of the line obtained m So, the graph equation is a linear function that
value is 3 or m1 = 3. passes point (2, 1) and
Because of two lines it is parallel to each parallel to line y - 3x + 1 = 0 is y = 3x - 5
other then m1 = m2.
So the second gradient of m2 is = 3
 • Functional perpendicular graph equations

If there are two perpendicular straight lines, the result of the

gradient is equal to -1 so that it can be written as follows;

m1.m2 = -1

Example ;
Determine the graphical equation of Dari persamaan grafik funsi linear y = 2x + 4
linear function which goes through
point (3, 4) and perpendicular line diperoleh m1 = 2.
3y - 6x - 12 = 0 Oleh karena dua buah garis saling tegak lurus maka ;
Jawab ;
m1.m2 = -1
Persamaan garis 3y – 6x – 12 = 0
2.m2 = -1
dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut 1
𝑚2 = − 2
3y – 6x – 12 = 0,
1
dengan titik (3, 4) maka x1 = 3, y1 = 4 Sehingga gradient garis yang kedua 𝑚2 = − 2
3y = 6x – 12 maka persamaan grafik fungsi linear
6𝑥 – 12 melalui titik (3, 4) dan
𝑦=
3
tegak lurus garis 3y – 6x – 12 = 0 adalah
y = 2x + 4
 y – y1 = m(x – x1)
1
y – 4 =- (x – 1)
2
1 1
y – 4 = - 2x + 2
1 1
y = - 2x + 2 + 4
1 1
y = - 2x +4 2
Jadi, persamaan grafik fungsi linear yang melalui titik (3, 4) dan
1 1
tegak lurus garis 3y – 6x – 12 = 0 adalah y = - x +4
2 2
 d. Determining the graph equation linear function when the graph is known

Dari gambar, diketahui bahwa garis melalui titik (0, 2)

dan titik (3, 0) sehingga diperoleh ;
x1 = 0 dan x2 = 3
y1 = -2 y2 = 0

Dengan menggunakan persamaan grafik fungsi linear

yang melalui dua buah titik, diperoleh
𝑥 −𝑥 1 𝑦 −𝑦1
= (y + 2).3 = 2.x
𝑥 2 −𝑥 1 𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑥−0 𝑦 −(−2)
= 3y + 6 = 2x
3−0 0−(−2)
𝑥 𝑦 +2 2𝑥−6
= 𝑦=
3 2 3
2 6
y= 𝑥−
3 3
2
y= 𝑥− 2
3
2
Jadi, pesamaan grafik fungsi linear pada gambar tersebut adalah y = 𝑥 − 2
3
 4. Fungsi Komposisi Linear

The composition function is a merger of two

function types f (x) and g (x) resulting in a new
function. The operation of the usual
composition function is denoted by "o" read:
composition or roundabout. The new functions
that can be formed from f (x) and g (x) are: (f o
g) (x) means g is entered into f (g o f) (x) means
f is inserted to g From the formula above, the
definitions we get are: If f: A → B is
determined by the formula y = f (x) If g: B → C
is determined by the formula y = g (x) So, we
get the result of g and f: h (x) = (g o f) (x) = g (f
(x)) Thus, it can be concluded that functions
involving functions f and g can be written: (g o
f) (x) = g (f (x)) (f o g) (x) = f (g (x))
Examples of questions
If f (x) = 2x + 3 and (f o g) (x) = 2x2 + 6x - 7, then what is the result of g (x)?
Solution:
(f o g) (x) = 2x2 + 6x - 7
f (g (x)) = 2x2 + 6x - 7
2 (g (x)) + 3 = 2x2 + 6x - 7
2 (g (x)) = 2x2 + 6x – 10
So, g (x) = x2 + 3x - 5
5. Invers Linear Functions
If f and g is a functional, and f: A → B then the map of each x ∈ A
is y ∈ B written y = f (x). If g: B → A then the map of each y ∈ B is
x ∈ A and written x = g (y). Thus it can be said that f and g inverse
each other. The g function is an inverse of f written g = f -1 and f is
an inverse of g written f = g-1. Thus, the invers of f are denoted by
f-1.
Contoh :
Tentukan f -1dari fungsi :
a. f(x) = x + 4
𝑥−3
b. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1

Jawab :
𝑥−3
b. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+1
a. Gunakan permisalan f(x) = y sehingga menjadi
𝑥−3
f(x) = x + 4 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
y=x+4
𝑦 𝑥+1 =𝑥−3
-x = -y + 4
xy+y = x - 3
x=y–4
xy - x = -y - 3
f (x) = y – 4
-1

x(y-1) = - y - 3
Oleh karena tadi dilakukan
−𝑦 −3
pemisalan bahwa f(x) = y x=
𝑦 −1
maka setelah diperoleh f -1(x). 𝑦 +3
Kembalikanlah ke notasi awal sehingga f (x) = x – 4
-1 x=
−𝑦 +1
𝑦 +3
Jadi f -1(x) =
1−𝑦
6. Function of Squares
1. Graph of Quadratic Functions

The general form of a quadratic function is f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, with a, b, and c

real numbers, a â ‰ 0. The graph formed by the quadratic function is parabolic.
The function f (x) = ax2 + bx + c can also be written y = ax2 + bx + c, with the
following elements.
Sifat-sifat grafik fungsi kuadrat berdasarkan
nilai a dan D:
2. Steps to Draw a Graph of Quadratic Functions

The following is given the steps in drawing a graph of quadratic functions.

Example:
1. Draw a graph from y = –x2 + 4x!
2. Draw a graph from y = x2 – 4x –5!
 Example number 1 ;
1. Draw a graph from y = –x2 + 4x!

Settlement;

1.) From the equation y = –x2 + 4x obtained ; 2.) Sumbu Simetri x= -b/2a = -4/2 . -1 = 2
a = –1, b = 4, dan c = 0.
• D = b2 – 4ac
= (4)2 – 4(–1)(0)
= 16

3.) The intersection with the X axis is obtained if

y = 0.
⇔ –x2 + 4x = 0
⇔ x (–x + 4) = 0
⇔ x = 0 atau x = 4
So, the intersection with the axis X is (0, 0) and (4,
0).
 Example number 2;
2. Draw a chart from y = x2 - 4x - 5!

Solution: Know the equation y = x2 - 4x - 5,

obtained a = 1, b = - 4, c = - 5.
1.) The graph intersects the X axis, if y = 0. 2.) Sumbu Simetri x= -b/2a = -(-4)/2 . 1 = 2
x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
⇔ (x + 1)(x – 5) = 0
⇔ (x + 1) = 0 atau (x – 5) = 0
So, the graph intersects the X axis at points (–
1, 0) and (5, 0)

Jadi, koordinat nilai balik minimum

3.) Cut point with Y axis, if x = 0 (2, –9).
y = x2 – 4x – 5
= (0)2 – 4(0) – 5
= –5
7. Fungsi Eksponen

Exponential function is a function that contains variables or variables as the rank of a

constant. General form of exponential function:
 A. Drawing Exponential Function Graphs
The exponential function always cuts the Y-axis at points (0, 1) and does not cut
the X-axis.

Contoh:
1. Gambarlah grafik fungsi eksponen f(x) = 2x!
Penyelesaian:
Untuk menentukan titik-titik, dapat menggunakan tabel seperti berikut.

Grafik fungsi eksponen dengan

persamaan f(x) = 2x
seperti di samping.
 8. Fungsi Logaritma
A. Fungsi Logaritma
The logarithmic function is the inverse of the
Example:
exponent function. The logarithmic function
Known f (x) = 3log (x + 2). Determine
can be found for its function value for the
the value of the following function!
domain 0 < x < ∞. Common form of
logarithmic function:
Penyelesaian :
a. f(x) = 3log (x + 2) → f(1) = 3log (1 + 2)
= 3log (3)
=1

with a > 0, a ≠ 1, and x ∈

The general form above can be taken as follows.
1. The origin (domain) of the logarithmic function is Df : {x|x > 0, x ∈ }.
2. a is a logarithmic base number (base) with conditions a > 0 dan a ≠ 1
means it can 0 < a < 1 or a > 1.
3 . The range of the logarithmic function is Rf : {y|– ∞ < y < + ∞, y ∈ }.
B. Draw a Graph of Logarithmic Functions

The graph of the logarithmic function f (x) = a log x always intersects the X axis
at (1, 0) and never cuts the Y axis. To graph the logarithmic function note the
following steps.
9. Trigonometry function

A. Definition of Trigonometric Functions

The trigonometric function is defined in the following terms.

• For each x that is paired exactly one with the value of sin x or a function that
maps the angle set x to the set of real numbers
sin x is called a sine function written:

• For f which maps x to the value cos x is called the cosine function
written:

• For f which maps x to tan x is called a tangent function and is written:

B. Periode

The trigonometric function is a periodic function (repetitive). If the function f (x) applies f
(x) = f (x + p) for each x, the smallest positive value of p is called the period of function f (x)

1. Function Period sin

If f (x) = sin x ° = sin (x + k ⋅ 360 °) and is expressed as f (x + p) with p = k ⋅ 360 ° then the
smallest positive value of p is 360 ° for k = 1. So period f (x) = sin x is 360 °. This means
that the value of f (x) will repeat and have the same value every time it increases 360 ° or
2π (in radians).
2. Periode Fungsi cos
If f (x) = cos x = cos (x + k ⋅ 360 °) is expressed as f (x + p) with p = k ⋅ 360 ° then the
smallest positive value of p is 360 ° for k = 1.

3. Tan Function Period

If f (x) = tan x = tan (x + k ⋅ 180 °) is expressed as f (x + p) with p = k ⋅ 180 ° then the
smallest positive value of p is 180 ° for k = 1.
C. Drawing Charts of Trigonometric Functions
To simplify drawing graphs of trigonometric functions, you can use the
following steps:
1. Create a table that maps x with y = f (x).
2. The points obtained in step 1 are depicted in the cartesius
coordinates. Then the points are connected so that the desired graph is
obtained.
Example:
1. Draw a graph of the function y = sin x with 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°!