Supervisors Submitted By

Mrs Shailja Bawa Harsh Kumar

Dr. K Senthil 14417008

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 INTRODUCTION
 LITERATURE SURVEY
 GAP IDENTIFICATION
 OBJECTIVES
 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

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 GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
 100% Replacement of cement with fly ash
 Hardened cementations paste made from fly ash and alkaline solution.
 Combines waste products into useful product.
 Setting mechanism depends on polymerization.
 Curing temp is between 60-90 degree

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As Portland cement production is a major contributor to Carbon dioxide
emissions as an estimated 5 TO 8 % of all human-generated atmospheric
carbon dioxide worldwide comes from the cement industry.
Production of Portland cement is currently topping 2.6 billion tons per year
worldwide and growing at 5 percent annually.

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 Alkaline solutions induce the Si and Al atoms in the source materials
example fly ash to dissolve.
 Gel formation is assisted by applying heat.
 Gel binds the aggregates ,and the unreacted source material to form the
Geopolymer concrete.

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 It is estimated that the present consumption of concrete in the world is of
the order of 10 billion tonnes (12 billion tons) every year.
 CO2 released from cement factories is responsible for approximately 7% of
the world’s carbon dioxide emissions.
 Additionaly natural aggregates which are extracted cause adverse effect on
eco system with the use of concrete day by day.
 Fly ash waste, used as binder in place of cement
 RCA is a full replacement of NCA which is helpful in making the
environment sustainable and reduce the problem of natural aggregate
resources and the dump problem of landfill for C&D waste

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 Hardjito et al. (2005)
 Fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete is in response for the need of a ‘greener’
concrete in order to reduce the CO2 emission from the cement production.
 Geopolymer concrete is manufactured from alkaline solution.
 Fly ash totally replace ordinary Portland cement in concrete, and hence to reduce
the emission of CO2 to the atmosphere.
 The results of the study clearly indicate that Geopolymer concrete has higher
compressive strength and higher density of hardened concrete.

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 Raijiwala et al. (2010)
 Compressive strength of the Geopolymer concrete depends on various parameters
such as the ratio of the activator solution to fly ash, morality of the alkaline
solution, ratio of the activator chemicals, curing temperature .
 Author concluded that compressive strength is 1.5 times more than ordinary
concrete. Split Tensile Strength increases over controlled concrete by 1.45 times.
Flexural Strength increases over controlled concrete by 1.6 times.
 In Durability test, there is decrease in weight loss by 10 times (At 56 days % loss in
weight has reduced from 5.66% to 0.60%).

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 Kolli et al. (2013)
 Result showed that the Geopolymer Concrete design mix depends on various
factors such as water/binder ratio and liquid/ fly ash ratio.
 The compressive strength of GPC can be achieved by decreasing water binder ratio.
 The compressive strength attained at 28 days for all grades of geopolymer concrete
under ambient curing is almost equal to compressive strength achieved by
geopolymer concrete at 7 days. Because of the slow reactivity of flyash at ambient
temperature, considerable heat must be applied to increase the geopolymerization
process.

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 Anuar et al. (2011)
 Strength of geopolymer concrete based on waste paper sludge ash incorporating
with recycle concrete aggregate increase by increasing the molarities of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH).
 The concentration (in term of molarity) of NaOH influenced the strength
characteristic of geopolymer concrete.
 The higher concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, higher
compressive strength of geopolymer concrete as higher concentration of NaOH will
result in good bonding between aggregate and paste of the concrete.

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 Wallah (2009)
 The author concluded that the heat-cured fly ash-based geopolymer concrete
undergoes very low drying shrinkage
 The higher aggregate content results in smaller shrinkage and also concrete with
aggregates of higher modulus or rougher surfaces is more resistance to the
shrinkage process.

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 Mohammed et al. [2011]
 The compressive strength increases with the increasing of fly ash fineness and thus
the reduction in porosity can be obtained.
 As the curing temperature increases, the setting time of concrete is decreases.
 With increase in temperature, polymerization become more rapid and the concrete
can gain 70% of its strength within 3 to 4 hr of curing.
 The author concluded that fly ash-based geopolymer is better than normal concrete
in many aspects such as compressive strength, exposure to aggressive environment,
workability and exposure to high temperature.

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 Lloyd et al. [2010]
 The compressive strength and the workability of geopolymer concrete are
influenced by the proportions and properties of the constituent materials that make
the geopolymer paste.
 Heat-curing of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete is generally
recommended.
 Both curing time and curing temperature influence the compressive strength of
geopolymer.
 The results show that geopolymer concrete is well-suited to manufacture precast
concrete products that can be used in infrastructure developments and geopolymer
concrete has excellent properties.

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 Motorwala et al. [2013]
 The author concluded that higher concentration (in terms of molar) of sodium
hydroxide solution results in higher compressive strength of fly-ash based geo-
polymer concrete
 Higher the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio by mass, higher
is the compressive strength
 The curing temperature in the range of 30°C to 90°C increases, the
compressive also increases,
 Longer curing time, in the range of 4 to 96hours (4 days), produces higher
compressive strength.
 Generally increase in the compressive strength with increase in the molarity.

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 The properties of geopolymer concrete using recycled concrete aggregates at
different curing temperatures have not yet been studied.
 In addition to recycled concrete aggregates chemicals variations in GPC concrete
due to sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide has not been studied.
 The effect on geopolymer concrete by varying the sodium silicate to sodium
hydroxide ratio has not done

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 To compare the mechanical properties at different curing temperature i.e at ambient
temperature, 60°C and 90°C
 To compare the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexure strength with variation in proportion in recycled concrete
aggregates
 To study the variation in the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete with
different molar concentration of sodium hydroxide

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 MATERIALS
 FLYASH
 FINE AGGREGATES
 COARSE AGGREGATES
 ALKALINE LIQUIDS (SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND SODIUM SILICATE)

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Fly Ash
 In this experimental work, Class F Low calcium fly ash (ASTM Class F)
conforming collected from Ropar Thermal Plant
 The chemical composition of the fly ash determined by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
analysis is
 From results compositon of CaO is 2.6% which is less then 10%

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ALKALINE LIQUIDS
 Sodium Hydroxide pellets with 98% purity dissolved in distilled water
 Sodium Silicate Solution (Na2O = 8%, SiO2 = 26.5%, and water = 65.5% by
mass) are used as alkaline activator liquids.
 1st of all sodium hydroxide pellets dissolved in distilled water. Sodium
hydroxide and sodium silicate mixed together when sodium hydroxide
solution is cooled.
 NaOH solution with a concentration of 8M and 16M
 Ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide taken is 2.5 and solution in
desired concentration is kept for at least 6, 7 hrs prior to use.

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 Properties of fine Aggregates
 Fineness modulus is 3.32
Sieve analysis of Sand
 Specific Gravity is 2.63 Wt. Cumulat
 Properties of Coarse Aggregates Sr. IS-Sieve Retained %age ive % %age
 Shape Angular No (mm) (gm) Retained retained Passing

 Size 10-20 mm 1 4.75 48 4.8 4.8 95.2

2 2.36 62 6.2 11 89
 Specific Gravity is 2.76
3 1.18 90 9.0 20 80
4 600µ 106 10.6 30.6 69.4
5 300µ 398 39.8 70.4 29.6
6 150µ 260 26.0 96.4 3.6
7 75µ 026 2.6 99 1
8 Pan 8 0.8 99.8 0.00
Total 1000.00 Sum 332.2
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 MIXING , CASTING AND CURING
 Fly ash and the aggregates were first mixed in dry state together in a pan mixer for
about three minutes.
 The alkaline solution added into the dry materials and mixed for about four
minutes.
 NaOH pellets dissolved in distilled water at 8 M to 16 M to make a sodium
hydroxide solution.
 NaOH solution mixed with sodium silicate in desired concentration when sodium
hydroxide solution was cooled and mixed at least 8, 9 hrs prior to use.
 After casting, the specimens were cured at ambient temperature, 60°C and 90°C for
24 hrs.
 After 24 hrs the heat cured specimens were left to air-dry in the laboratory until
testing on the 7th day and 28th days.

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 Mix design was tested at 8M and 16M of NaOH concentration
 At 16M ,higher strength was achieved and thus all the testing was carried out at
16M sodium hydroxide
 Specimen were tested at ambient temperature,60 degree and 90 degree
 144 specimen were tested for the experimental work
 For compressive strength 48 cubes of 150mm X 150 mm X 150 mm dimensions
were casted
 For split tensile strength 48 cylinder of size 200mm diameter,100mm length were
casted and tested.
 For flexural strength 48 beams of size 100mm X 100mm X 500mm were casted
and tested

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 At ambient curing total 48 specimen were casted and tested
 For 60°C and 90°C curing, each 48 specimen were casted and tested
 Geopolymer concrete was prepared with 0%, 10%,20% and 30% replacements of
coarse aggregates with RCA
 The variation in mechanical properties is tested after 7 days and 28days

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 Mix design for M40 adopted from the study by kolli (2013)
 Assume density of aggregate as unit weight of concrete = 2400 kg/m3.
 Mass of Combined aggregate = 75-80 %
 Let we take 77% aggregate
 2400 x 0.77% = 1848 kg/m3
 Mass of combined aggregate = 1848 kg/m3
 Mass of coarse aggregate = 1201.2kg/m3 and mass of fine aggregate = 646.8kg/m3
 (As ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate = .35)
 Mass of Fly ash and alkaline Liquid = 2400 - 1848 = 552 kg/m3
 Let us take alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio as 0.4.
 Now the mass of fly ash = (552)/ (1.4) = 394.28 kg/m3
 Mass of alkaline liquid = 552-394.28 = 157.21 kg/m3
 Let us consider the ratio of Na2SiO3 to NaOH as 2.5.
 Now mass of NaOH solution = (157.21)/ (3.5) = 45.06 kg/m3
 Mass of Na2SiO3 solution = 157.21-45.06 = 112.64 kg/m3
 Ratio of mix. Prop is 1:1.64:3.04
 Proportion of alkaline liquids to fly ash taken is 0.40

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  Compressive strength at 7 days

60

50
50 46
43 44

40 37 38 38
Strength N/mm2

32 no replacement

30 27 10% replacement
22
20 20 20% replacement
20
30% replacement
10

0
ambient curing 60°C 90°C

Curing temperature

25
 Compressive strength at 28 days
60
54

50 45 46
42
39 40 39.5 40
Strength in N/mm2

40
31 no replacement
30 27 26
25 10% replacement

20 20% replacement

30% replacement
10

0
ambient curing 60°C 90°C
Curing temperature

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 For compressive strength

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 Split tensile strength at 7 days
7
6
6
5 5
5 4.4
Strength in N/mm2

4
4 No replacement
3.3 3.2
3 3.1 3
3 10% replacement
2.1 2 20% replacement
2
30% replacement
1

0
Ambient 60°C 90°C

Curing temperature

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  Split tensile strength 28 days

7 6.5
6
6 5.5
5.3 5.1
5 4.6
Strength in N/mm2

No replacement
4
4 10% replacement
3.2 3.4 3 3.2
3 20% replacement
2.2
2 30% replacement

0
Ambient 60°C 90°C
Curing temperature

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 For split tensile strength


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  Flexural strength 7 days
6
5.5
5
5 4.74
Strength in N/mm2

4.2
4 No replacement
3 3.1 3
2.9 10% replacement
3
2.24 2.1 2.1 20% replacement
2 1.69 30% replacement

0
Ambient 60°C 90°C
Curing temperature

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  Flexural strength 28 days

6 5.7
5.4
5 5.1 5.03
5
No replacement
3.94
Strength inN/mm2

4 3.5 3.55
10% replacement
3.1 3 3 2.9
3 20% replacement

30% replacement
2

0
Ambient 60°C 90°C
Curing temperature

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 For flexural strength

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 The heat cured concrete achieved higher compressive strength, split tensile strength
and flexural strength in comparison with ambient curing.
 It is found that replacement of 10% of RCA gives highest compressive strength,
 for both 7 days and 28 days
 Maximum strength was found at 90°C heat cured concrete with 24hrs curing oven
period.
 The Flexural strength also increasing with 10% replacement of RCA further increase
in RCA results degradation in strength at 7 days and 28 days
 The split tensile strength also increasing with 10% replacement of RCA further
increase in RCA results degradation in strength at 7 days and 28 days
 Maximum strength is achieved at 16M of sodium hydroxide solution
 Heat-cured fly ash-based geopolymer concrete using RCA offers several economic
benefits over Portland cement concrete as the price of one ton of fly ash is only a
small fraction of the price of one ton production of Portland cement

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 The properties of geopolymer concrete using RCA with varying sodium silicate to
sodium hydroxide ratio can be studied for longer heat curing duration
 The Natural aggregates can be replaced with RCA. As RCA is a waste utilized in
high performance concrete.
 A geopolymer concrete is well-suited to manufacture precast concrete products that
can be used in infrastructure developments

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 Hardjito, D., Wallah, S.E., Sumajouw, D.M.J., Rangan, V. Fly ash-based
geopolymer concrete, Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 6, (2005), pp.
1-9.
 Raijiwala, D.B., Patil. H.S, “Geopolymer Concrete (A Green Concrete)”, 2nd
International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering,
(2010). pp. 2-9.
 Kolli,R., M.Potharaju, M. Development Of Mix Design, For Low Calcium Based
Geopolymer Concrete In Low, Medium And Higher Grades -Indian Scenario‖ ,
Journal Of Civil Engineering And Technology, Vol. 1, Issue 1, July-December
(2013), pp. 15-25.
 Anuar, K.A., Ridzuan, A.R.M., Ismail S., “Strength Characteristics of Geopolymer
Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate”, International Journal of Civil
& Environmental Engineering ,Vol.11 ,Issue 1, (2011).pp.59-62.

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 Wallah SE, “Drying Shrinkage of Heat-Cured Fly Ash Based Geopolymer
Concrete”, Modern Applied Science, Vol.3, Issue 12, (2009), pp.1-25
 Mohammed, M., Mohammed, H., Kamarudin, H., Niza, I.K., Zarina,Y., “Fly ash-
based geopolymer concrete without Portland Cement”, Journal of Engineering and
Technology Research Vol. 3(1),(2011). pp. 2-19.
 Lloyd, N.A. and Rangan B.V., “Geopolymer Concrete with Fly Ash, second
international conference on sustainable construction material and technologies”,
(2010), pp. 68-106.
 Motorwala, A., Shah., V, Kammula, R., Nannapaneni, P., Raijiwala, D. B., “Alkali
Activated Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete”, International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol.3, Issue 1, (2013),pp.159-166

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