Probability and Statistics

By:

Cherry Rose T. Malgapo

Teaching Demonstrator
Game: Trick or Treat

 Pick any number from 1 to 9, then multiply

it with 3. Add 3. Now multiply it again in 3.
 You will get 2 digits, and add them.
 Now this number will tell your favorite
subject.
Subjects:

1 – TLE 6 – ENGLISH
2 – FILIPINO 7 – PHYSICS
3 – SOCIAL SCIENCE 8 – PE
4 – HISTORY 9 – MATH (Stat)
5 – CHEMISTRY 10 – BIOLOGY
Measure of Central
Tendency

The mean, the median

and the mode.
( Ungrouped Data)
Measure of Central Tendency
It is one of the statistical
tools used to predict, to
measures and
summarize data
needed.
Measure of Central Tendency
Importance:

 To measures and summarize data.

 To calculate a single number, which is
typical of the general level of
magnitudes of the measurements in a
set.
 To predict such data, like the
commonest and most popular for
future references.
Example of uses of measures
of central tendency

1. Mean scores in Mathematics quiz

2. Average weight of rice harvest in
kilogram
3. Teacher’s Evaluation
4. Student’s Academic Performance
5. Average daily energy consumptions
Three common measures of
central tendency

1. the mean
2. the median
3. the mode.
The Mean
The mean or simply mean commonly called the
average is determined by adding the scores together
and the sum is divided by the number of scores.

Symbolically,

σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖
X= = X1 + X2 + X3 +……..Xn
𝑁

Where:
X= sample mean
N = population size
n= sample size
Example:
Use the data below, determine the
mean score in mathematics quiz of
10 students.

35, 42, 45, 55, 55, 56, 57, 57, 57, 70

Solution:
σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖
X= = X1 + X2 + X3 +……..Xn
𝑁

35+42+45+55+55+56 +57+57+57+70
=
10

529
=
10

= 52.9
The median
The median is another measure of
central tendency. It is a value that
divides an array into two equal parts.
So, it is that point in a set of variants
above which are an equal number of
cases as there are below it. The data
must be arranged from highest to
lowest or vice versa.
When the set of data values is
odd in number, the median is
the:
𝑛+1
Md =[ ]th
2

where data value counted either from the

highest or from the lowest of the distribution.
Example:
Determine the median of the set of data of
students in Mathematics quiz
score as shown below:

70, 42, 45, 35, 56, 55, 55, 57, 57

Solution:
First, arrange the data in either ascending or
descending order.

35, 42, 45, 55, 55, 56, 57, 57,70

Second, determine the middle item in the set of

values.
35, 42, 45, 55, 55, 56, 57, 57,70

Therefore the median is 55 because it is the

middle item.
When the n is even, the
median is the average
between the ( n/2 ) th score
and the [ ( n+ 1) / 2 ] th score.
This is the arithmetic mean of
the two values.
Example:
Determine the median of the set of data of
students in Mathematics quiz
score as shown below:

70, 42, 45, 57, 35, 56, 55, 55, 57, 57

Solution:
In this set of even in number, arrange also the
set of data and take the arithmetic mean of
two middle items to find the median value then
add and divided by two.

35, 42, 45, 55, 55, 56, 57, 57, 57,70

55+56
Md =
2

= 55.5
The mode
The mode is a value in the data set,
which occurs most frequency. It is the
most “fashionable” value or most
popular or commonest score and the
simplest measure of central
tendency. Denoted by symbol Mo, it
can be determined both quantitative
and qualitative. It can easily
determined by inspection. It can be
unimodal, bimodal or trimodal.
Example:
Determine the mode in the sets of data
below:

A = 34,35,36,38,38,38,39,40,41,42

B = 34,35 36,36, 37,38,38, 39,40,45

C= 34, 35, 35,36,36,37,38,38,39,40

Answers:
A= 38 , since 38 is the one with common
value and this is called unimodal.

B = 36 & 38, since 36 & 38 with the same

number of common value and this is
bimodal.

C= 35,36, & 38, same number of common

value and this is called trimodal.
Questions

?
Generalizations:
 Measure of central tendency is one of the
statistical tool to have measures and summarize
data. The important central tendency are the
mean, the median and the mode.
 The mean, is computed by getting the summation
of the set of data and divided by the number of
sample size.
 The median, can be determined by getting the
middle term in set of data.
 The mode is the easiest and simplest way by
knowing the commonest and popular in a set of
data.
Quiz:
Solve problem neatly and completely.
The scores of 20 students in
Mathematics were 80,85,82,
78,75,77,88,
90,89,83,76,75,82,85,66,69,80,77,83a
nd 81. Find the mean, median and
mode of the ungrouped data.
Assignment:

Studyabout mean, median,

and mode of grouped data.

….be ready for recitation/board-

work next meeting
The End
Thank you!!