Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 1

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul

President University

http://zitompul.wordpress.com
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 Engineering Electromagnetics

Textbook and Syllabus

Textbook:
“Engineering Electromagnetics”,
William H. Hayt, Jr. and John A. Buck,
McGraw-Hill, 2006.

Syllabus:
Chapter 1: Vector Analysis
Chapter 2: Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity
Chapter 3: Electric Flux Density, Gauss’ Law, and
Divergence
Chapter 4: Energy and Potential
Chapter 5: Current and Conductors
Chapter 6: Dielectrics and Capacitance
Chapter 8: The Steady Magnetic Field
Chapter 9: Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Inductance

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 Engineering Electromagnetics

Grade Policy
Grade Policy:
Final Grade = 10% Homework + 20% Quizzes +
30% Midterm Exam + 40% Final Exam +
Extra Points
 Homeworks will be given in fairly regular basis. The average
of homework grades contributes 10% of final grade.
 Homeworks are to be written on A4 papers, otherwise they
will not be graded.
 Homeworks must be submitted on time. If you submit late,
< 10 min.  No penalty
10 – 60 min.  –20 points
> 60 min.  –40 points
 There will be 3 quizzes. Only the best 2 will be counted.
The average of quiz grades contributes 20% of final grade.

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 Engineering Electromagnetics

Grade Policy

• Heading of Homework Papers (Required)

Grade Policy:
 Midterm and final exam schedule will be announced in time.
 Make up of quizzes and exams will be held one week after
the schedule of the respective quizzes and exams.
 The score of a make up quiz or exam can be multiplied by 0.9
(the maximum score for a make up is 90).
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 Engineering Electromagnetics

Grade Policy
Grade Policy:
 Extra points will be given every time you solve a problem in
front of the class. You will earn 1 or 2 points.
 Lecture slides can be copied during class session. It also will
be available on internet around 3 days after class. Please
check the course homepage regularly.
http://zitompul.wordpress.com

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 Engineering Electromagnetics

What is Electromagnetics?

Electric field
Produced by the presence of
electrically charged particles,
and gives rise to the electric
force.

President University
Magnetic field
Produced by the motion of
electric charges, or electric
current, and gives rise to the
magnetic force associated
with magnets.
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 Engineering Electromagnetics

Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum

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 Engineering Electromagnetics

Why do we learn Engineering Electromagnetics

 Electric and magnetic field exist nearly everywhere.

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 Engineering Electromagnetics

Applications
 Electromagnetic principles find application in various disciplines
such as microwaves, x-rays, antennas, electric machines,
plasmas, etc.

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 Engineering Electromagnetics

Applications
 Electromagnetic fields are used in induction heaters for melting,
forging, annealing, surface hardening, and soldering operation.
 Electromagnetic devices include transformers, radio, television,
mobile phones, radars, lasers, etc.

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 Engineering Electromagnetics

Applications

Transrapid Train

• A magnetic traveling field moves the

vehicle without contact.
• The speed can be continuously
regulated by varying the frequency of
the alternating current.

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Scalars and Vectors

 Scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be represented by
a single (positive or negative) real number.
 Some examples include distance, temperature, mass, density,
pressure, volume, and time.

 A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in

space. We especially concerned with two- and three-
dimensional spaces only.
 Displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force are examples of
vectors.

• Scalar notation: A or A (italic or plain)

→
• Vector notation: A or A (bold or plain with arrow)

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Vector Algebra

AB BA

A  (B + C)  ( A  B) + C

A  B  A  ( B )
A 1
 A
n n
AB  0  A  B

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Rectangular Coordinate System

• Differential surface units:
dx  dy
dy  dz
dx  dz
• Differential volume unit :
dx  dy  dz

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Vector Components and Unit Vectors

R PQ ?

r  xyz
r  xa x  ya y  za z
a x , a y , a z : unit vectors
R PQ  rQ  rP
 (2a x  2a y  a z )  (1a x  2a y  3a z )
 a x  4a y  2a z

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Vector Components and Unit Vectors

 For any vector B, B  Bxa x  By a y + Bz a z :

B  Bx2  By2  Bz2  B Magnitude of B

B B
aB   Unit vector in the direction of B
Bx2  By2  Bz2 B

 Example
Given points M(–1,2,1) and N(3,–3,0), find RMN and aMN.
R MN  (3a x  3a y  0a z )  (1a x  2a y  1a z )  4a x  5a y  a z

R MN 4a x  5a y  1a z
a MN    0.617a x  0.772a y  0.154a z
R MN 4  (5)  (1)
2 2 2

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Dot Product

 Given two vectors A and B, the dot product, or scalar product,
is defines as the product of the magnitude of A, the magnitude
of B, and the cosine of the smaller angle between them:
A  B  A B cos AB

 The dot product is a scalar, and it obeys the commutative law:

AB  BA

 For any vector A  Axa x  Ay a y + Az a z and B  Bxa x  By a y + Bz a z ,

A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By + Az Bz

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Dot Product

 One of the most important applications of the dot product is that of
finding the component of a vector in a given direction.

• The scalar component of B in the direction

of the unit vector a is Ba
• The vector component of B in the direction
of the unit vector a is (Ba)a

B  a  B a cosBa  B cosBa

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Dot Product

 Example
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,–1,2),
B(–2,3,–4), and C(–3,1,5). Find: (a) RAB; (b) RAC; (c) the angle
θBAC at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC.
R AB  (2a x  3a y  4a z )  (6a x  a y  2a z )  8a x  4a y  6a z B

R AC  (3a x  1a y  5a z )  (6a x  a y  2a z )  9a x  2a y  3a z

 BAC
R AB  R AC  R AB R AC cosBAC C
A
R R (8a x  4a y  6a z )  (9a x  2a y  3a z ) 62
 cos  BAC  AB AC    0.594
R AB R AC (8)  (4)  (6)
2 2 2
(9)  (2)  (3)
2 2 2
116 94

  BAC  cos 1 (0.594)  53.56

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Dot Product

 Example
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,–1,2),
B(–2,3,–4), and C(–3,1,5). Find: (a) RAB; (b) RAC; (c) the angle
θBAC at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC.
R AB on R AC   R AB  a AC  a AC
 
(9a x  2a y  3a z )  (9a x  2a y  3a z )
  (8a x  4a y  6a z ) 
 (9) 2  (2) 2  (3) 2  (9)  (2)  (3)
2 2 2
 
62 (9a x  2a y  3a z )

94 94
 5.963a x  1.319a y  1.979a z

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cross Product

 Given two vectors A and B, the magnitude of the cross product,
or vector product, written as AB, is defines as the product of
the magnitude of A, the magnitude of B, and the sine of the
smaller angle between them.
 The direction of AB is perpendicular to the plane containing A
and B and is in the direction of advance of a right-handed
screw as A is turned into B.
A  B  aN A B sin  AB ax  a y  az
a y  az  ax
 The cross product is a vector, and it is az  ax  a y
not commutative:
( B  A )  ( A  B )

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cross Product

 Example
Given A = 2ax–3ay+az and B = –4ax–2ay+5az, find AB.

A  B  ( Ay Bz  Az By )a x  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz )a y  ( Ax By  Ay Bx )a z
  (3)(5)  (1)(2)  a x   (1)(4)  (2)(5)  a y   (2)(2)  (3)(4)  az
 13a x  14a y  16a z

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

• Differential surface units: • Relation between the

d   dz rectangular and the cylindrical
coordinate systems
 d  dz
d    d x    cos    x2  y 2
1 y
• Differential volume unit : y    sin    tan
x
d    d  dz zz zz

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

?
A  Ax a x  Ay a y + Az a z  A  A a   A a + Az a z
az az
A  A  a 
 ( Axa x  Ay a y + Az a z )  a 
a
 Axa x  a   Ay a y  a  + Az a z  a 
ay  Ax cos   Ay sin 
a
ax A  A  a
 ( Axa x  Ay a y + Az a z )  a
• Dot products of unit vectors in  Axa x  a  Ay a y  a + Az a z  a
cylindrical and rectangular   Ax sin   Ay cos 
coordinate systems

Az  A  a z
 ( Ax a x  Ay a y + Az a z )  a z
 Axa x  a z  Ay a y  a z + Az a z  a z
 Az
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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Spherical Coordinate System

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Spherical Coordinate System

• Differential surface units:

dr  rd
dr  r sin  d
rd  r sin  d
• Differential volume unit :
dr  rd  r sin  d
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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Spherical Coordinate System

• Relation between the rectangular and
the spherical coordinate systems

x  r sin  cos  r  x2  y 2  z 2 , r  0
z
y  r sin  sin    cos 1
, 0    180
x y z
2 2 2

y
z  r cos   tan 1

• Dot products of unit vectors in spherical and

rectangular coordinate systems

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

The Spherical Coordinate System

 Example
Given the two points, C(–3,2,1) and D(r = 5, θ = 20°, Φ = –70°),
find: (a) the spherical coordinates of C; (b) the rectangular
coordinates of D.
r  x 2  y 2  z 2  (3) 2  (2) 2  (1) 2  3.742
z 1
  cos 1  cos 1  74.50
x2  y 2  z 2 3.742

y 1 2
  tan 1
 tan  33.69 180  146.31
x 3
 C (r  3.742,   74.50,   146.31)

 D( x  0.585, y  1.607, z  4.698)

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 Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

Homework 1
 D1.4. (p.14)
 D1.6. (p.19)
 D1.8. (p.22)

 Due: Next week 18 January 2011, at 07:30.

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