Complications of Diabetes

Complications of Diabetes
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¦eart Disease Foot Complications

Kidney Disease/Kidney Skin Complications
Transplantation Gastroparesis and Diabetes
Eye Complications Depression
Diabetic Neuropathy and Nerve
Damage
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¦eart Disease
Caused by a or

of the blood vessels to
your heart.
The vessels carry oxygen and
nutrients to your heart.
Vessels can become partially or
totally blocked by fatty
deposits.
A heart attack - when the blood
supply to your heart is reduced
or cut off.
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¦eart Disease and Diabetes
Diabetes increases the risk for

coronary artery disease, a heart
attack or stroke.
Take preventive steps now.
Keep your ABCs of diabetes on
target.
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ÕThe ABCsµ
ÕAµ is for A1C A1C is the blood glucose check Õwith a memoryµ over the past 2 to 3
months.
ÕBµ is for blood The ADA recommends a blood pressure below 130/80.
pressure
ÕCµ is for ¦DL protects your heart.

cholesterol LDL can clog your blood vessels, leading to heart disease.
Triglycerides can increase your risk for heart disease.
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Kidney Function
Kidneys act as filters.

Kidneys remove waste products from the
blood.
We create waste products from digestion.
Normally, waste products are eliminated in
urine from the body.
Protein and red blood cells are too big to pass
through the filter and remain in the blood.
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Kidney Disease
¦igh levels of blood sugar can put extra stress on

the kidneys.
After years of damage, the kidneys start to leak.
Useful proteins are lost in the urine.
Get a condition known as .
There are several treatments at this point that may
keep the kidney disease from getting worse.
When kidney disease is diagnosed later, during
, end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
usually follows.
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Kidney Disease
Kidneys lose their filtering ability.

Waste products begin to build up in the
blood.
Finally, the kidneys fail.
ESRD
kidney transplant or
regular visits to a dialysis clinic.
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Who Gets Kidney Disease?
Factors that influence kidney disease development

include:
Genetics
Blood pressure
Blood sugar control
Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure are very

important in reducing the chances of developing kidney
disease.
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Facts About Diabetes and
Kidney Disease
Nephropathy - 10-21% of diabetes cases.

~ 43% of new cases of ESRD are attributed to
diabetes.
12 times higher in people with type 1 diabetes
4 times higher in African Americans,
4 to 6 times higher in Mexican Americans
6 times higher in Native Americans
than in the general population of diabetes patients.
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---Eye Complications---
¦igher risk of blindness.

Many have minor eye disorders.
Early treatments critical.
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Glaucoma
Pressure build-up in the eye.

Pinches the blood vessels.
Damages nerves.
Vision is gradually lost.
40% more likely to suffer from
glaucoma.
Risk increases with age and
duration of diabetes.
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Cataracts
The eye·s clear lens clouds,

blocking light.
Wear sunglasses
Use glare-control lenses in
eyeglasses.
Damaged lens ²
remove.
transplant.
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Cataracts
Îndividuals with diabetes are:

60% more likely to develop cataracts
at a younger age
faster progression
have problems if removal of the lens is necessary
due to the beginning stages of glaucoma
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Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a general term

for all disorders of the retina caused
by diabetes.
There are 2 major types of

retinopathy:
Nonproliferative: This is the common, mild
form.
Proliferative: This form is much more
serious.
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Retinopathy
There are several factors that

influence whether you get
retinopathy:
Blood sugar control
Blood pressure levels
¦ow long you have had diabetes
Genetics
Almost everyone with type 1

diabetes will eventually develop
nonproliferative retinopathy.
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Diabetic Neuropathy & Nerve Damage
~50% have some form of nerve damage.

Ît·s more common in those who have had the
disease for many years.
Blood glucose control can help prevent or
delay nerve damage.
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2 Common Types of Nerve Damage
Sensorimotor neuropathy:
Also known as Õperipheral neuropathyµ
Can cause tingling, pain, numbness, or weakness in
hands and feet.
Autonomic neuropathy: Can lead to

Digestive problems such as feeling full, nausea
Vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation
Problems with how well the bladder works
Problems having sex
Dizziness or faintness
Loss of the typical warning signs of a heart attack
Loss of warning signs of low blood glucose
Încreased or decreased sweating
Changes in how your eyes react to light and dark
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Keep Your Blood Glucose Levels in
Your Target Range
Ît is important to:
Report all possible signs of diabetic
neuropathy
Get treatment right away if you have
problems.
Take good care of your feet, checking them
every day.
Protect your feet. Wear shoes and socks that
fit well and wear them all the time.
Purchase special shoes, if they are needed.
Be careful with exercising. Some activities are
not safe for individuals with neuropathy.
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Foot complications
Skin Changes
Calluses
Foot Ulcers
Poor Circulation
Amputation
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Skin Changes and Calluses
Skin Changes:
Dry skin and feet.
Seal remaining moisture in with plain petroleum jelly,
unscented hand cream, or a similar product.
Ît is important not to put oils or creams between toes.
Calluses
Occur more often and build up faster.
May need therapeutic shoes and inserts.
Calluses can lead to ulcers (open sores).
Never try to cut calluses yourself² this can lead to
infection.
Let your healthcare provider cut them.
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Foot Ulcers and Poor Circulation
Foot Ulcers
Every ulcer should be seen by your health care provider
immediately.
Can result in infections, potentially leading to loss of a limb.
Ît is important to keep off of your feet.
Poor Circulation
Can lead to infection and delay healing.
To improve poor circulation:
Stop smoking and keep blood pressure and cholesterol
in check
Exercise improves circulation. Ît increases blood flow. Exercise
is a good idea for individuals who currently do not have any
open sores on the foot. Proper shoes are essential.
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Amputation
¦ighly likely in diabetes.

Due to artery disease, which
reduces blood flow to the feet and
nerve damage, which reduces
sensation.
These can lead to ulcers and
infections that may lead to
amputation.
Amputations are preventable.
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Amputation - Prevention
Take good care of your
feet.
Always follow your health
care provider·s advice
when caring for foot
problems.
Stop smoking!
Smoking decreases blood
flow to the feet.
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Skin Complications
Bacterial infections Diabetic Blisters

Fungal infections Eruptive Xanthomatosis
Îtching Digital Sclerosis
Diabetic Dermopathy Disseminated Granuloma
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Annulare
Diabeticorum Acanthosis Nigricans
Atherosclerosis
Allergic Reactions
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Bacterial and Fungal Înfections
Bacterial infections G
Many kinds.
Styes.
Boils.
Carbuncles.
Înflamed tissues are usually hot,
swollen, red, and painful.
Treated by antibiotics.
Fungal infections
Candida albicans is a yeast-like
fungus.
Leads to common fungal infections.

Can be treated by medication.
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Îtching and Diabetic Dermopathy
Îtching
Localized.
Can be caused by a yeast infection, dry skin, or poor circulation.
Occurs often in the lower parts of the legs.
Use mild soap with moisturizer, and apply skin cream after bathing to
help resolve the issue.
Diabetic Dermopathy
Changes in the small blood vessels.
Looks like light brown, scaly patches.
The disorder most often occurs on the front of both legs.
The patches do not hurt, open up, or itch.
Dermopathy is harmless and does not require treatment.
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Atherosclerosis and Allergic Reactions
Atherosclerosis
Thickening of the arteries
Occurs at younger ages.
Can lead to skin changes.
Skin becomes hairless, thin, cool, and shiny.
Affected legs heal slowly when the skin is injured.
Allergic Reactions
În response to medications, such as insulin or diabetes pills.
Îf you think you are having a reaction to a medication, contact
your doctor immediately.
Report any rashes, depressions, or bumps around the insulin
injection sites immediately.
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Diabetic Blisters and
Eruptive Xanthomatosis
Diabetic Blisters
Occurs rarely in individuals with diabetes
They can occur on the backs of fingers, hands, toes, feet, and on legs or
forearms.
They are sometimes large and resemble burn blisters.
Painless and with no redness around them, they often heal themselves within
3 weeks.
The only treatment is to bring blood sugar levels under control.
Eruptive Xanthomatosis
This is a condition caused by diabetes that is out of control.
Consists of firm, yellow, pea-like enlargements in the skin.
The disorder usually occurs in young men with type 1 diabetes.
Like diabetic blisters, these bumps disappear when diabetes control
is restored.
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Digital Sclerosis and
Disseminated Granuloma Annulare
Digital Sclerosis
Consists of tight, thick, waxy skin on the back of the hands.
The finger joints become stiff and can no longer move the way they should.
Rarely, knees, ankles, or elbows also get stiff.
¦appens to about 1/3 of people with type 1 diabetes
The only treatment is to bring blood sugar levels under control.
Disseminated Granuloma Annulare

Consists of sharply defined ring-shaped or arc-shaped raised areas on the
skin.
Rashes most often occur on parts of the body far from the trunk
(i.e., ears or fingers), but sometimes the raised areas occur on the trunk.
Contact your doctor when rash appears.
Certain drugs can help clear up the condition.
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Acanthosis Nigricans
Acanthosis Nigricans
This is a condition in which tan or brown raised
areas appear on the sides of the neck, armpits, and groin.
Usually strikes people who are overweight.
The best treatment is to lose weight.
Some creams can help the spots look better.
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Gastroparesis and Diabetes
Due to nerve damage that control the stomach.

Leads to poor muscle control of the stomach and intestines. Movement of
food is slowed or stopped.
Signs and symptoms:

¦eartburn
Nausea
Vomiting of undigested food
An early feeling of fullness when eating
Weight loss
Abdominal bloating
Erratic blood glucose (sugar) levels
Lack of appetite
Gastroesophageal reflux
Spasms of the stomach wall
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*These symptoms may be mild

or severe, depending on the
person.*
Complications of Gastroparesis
Gastroparesis makes it harder to manage
blood glucose.
Slower digestion can result in:
Bacterial overgrowth due to fermentation

Food can harden into solid masses called
bezoars that may cause nausea, vomiting, and
obstruction of the stomach
Bezoars can be dangerous if they block the

passage of food into the small intestine.
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Treatment of Gastroparesis
Însulin May need to adjust schedule.

The most important
treatment goal for
Medication May need drugs to treat
diabetes-related
gastroparesis.
gastroparesis is to
manage your blood
glucose levels as well Meal and Refer to your physician or a
food dietitian for more information.
through the usage of: changes
Feeding May be used in severe cases.

tube
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Depression
Consult your doctor to eliminate any physical cause for your

depression.
Poorly controlled diabetes can cause depression like symptoms:

¦igh or low blood sugar during the day can make you feel tired or anxious
Low blood sugar levels can also lead to hunger and eating too much
Low blood sugar n the night could disturb sleep
¦igh blood sugar in the night can lead to frequent urinating and then feeling
tired throughout the next day
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Conclusions
There are many potential complications of diabetes.
Complications can be minimized with good blood glucose control.
Discuss any developments with the physician immediately.
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The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-renowned nutrition research center.

To promote healthier lives through research and education in nutrition and preventive medicine.
The Pennington Center has several research areas, including:
Clinical Obesity Research

Experimental Obesity
Functional Foods
¦ealth and Performance Enhancement
Nutrition and Chronic Diseases
Nutrition and the Brain
Dementia, Alzheimer·s and healthy aging
Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance

The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and on the prevention
of common chronic diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and osteoporosis.
The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific community and the public
about research findings, training programs and research areas, and coordinates educational events for the
public on various health issues.
We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research studies being
conducted at the Pennington Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Îf you would like to take part, visit the
clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call (225) 763-3000.
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References
All information used was obtained from:
American Diabetes Association
http://www.diabetes.org

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Complications of Diabetes

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Complications of Diabetes

 ¦eart Disease  Foot Complications

 Caused by a  or

 Diabetes increases the risk for

ÕCµ is for ¦DL protects your heart.

 Kidneys act as filters.

 ¦igh levels of blood sugar can put extra stress on

 Kidneys lose their filtering ability.

 Factors that influence kidney disease development

 Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure are very

 Nephropathy - 10-21% of diabetes cases.

 ¦igher risk of blindness.

 Pressure build-up in the eye.

 The eye·s clear lens clouds,

 Îndividuals with diabetes are:

 Diabetic retinopathy is a general term

 There are 2 major types of

 There are several factors that

 Almost everyone with type 1

 ~50% have some form of nerve damage.

 Autonomic neuropathy: Can lead to

 ¦ighly likely in diabetes.

 Bacterial infections  Diabetic Blisters

 Disseminated Granuloma Annulare

 Due to nerve damage that control the stomach.

 Signs and symptoms:

 Bacterial overgrowth due to fermentation

 Bezoars can be dangerous if they block the

Însulin May need to adjust schedule.

Feeding May be used in severe cases.

 Consult your doctor to eliminate any physical cause for your

 Poorly controlled diabetes can cause depression like symptoms:

 The Pennington Center has several research areas, including:

 Clinical Obesity Research

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

¦eart Disease Foot Complications

Caused by a or

Diabetes increases the risk for

Kidneys act as filters.

¦igh levels of blood sugar can put extra stress on

Kidneys lose their filtering ability.

Factors that influence kidney disease development

Controlling blood sugar and blood pressure are very

Nephropathy - 10-21% of diabetes cases.

¦igher risk of blindness.

Pressure build-up in the eye.

The eye·s clear lens clouds,

Îndividuals with diabetes are:

Diabetic retinopathy is a general term

There are 2 major types of

There are several factors that

Almost everyone with type 1

~50% have some form of nerve damage.

Autonomic neuropathy: Can lead to

¦ighly likely in diabetes.

Bacterial infections Diabetic Blisters

Disseminated Granuloma Annulare

Due to nerve damage that control the stomach.

Signs and symptoms:

Bacterial overgrowth due to fermentation

Bezoars can be dangerous if they block the

Consult your doctor to eliminate any physical cause for your

Poorly controlled diabetes can cause depression like symptoms:

The Pennington Center has several research areas, including:

Clinical Obesity Research