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TESTING OF
HYPOTHESIS
Type I error
We decide to Correct
(rejecting a true
reject the decision
null hypothesis)
Decision
null hypothesis
Type II error
We fail to Correct (rejecting a false
reject the decision null hypothesis)
null hypothesis
Example: x – µx
z=
s/ n
Critical Region :
It is the set of all values of the test statistic that would
cause a rejection of the null hypothesis.
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Critical
Region
Critical
Region
Critical
Regions
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Critical Value
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( z score )
IFETCE/H&S- II/MATHS/MATHIVADHANA/IYEAR/ M.E.(CSE)/I-SEM/MA7155/APPLIED PROBABILITY
AND STATISTICS /UNIT–IV/PPT/VER1.1
Conclusions
in Hypothesis Testing
always test the null hypothesis
2. Reject the H 0
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H0 : µ ≥ µ 0 H0 : µ = µ 0 H0 : µ ≤ µ 0
H1 : µ < µ 0 H1 : µ ≠ µ0 H1 : µ > µ 0
11.1
3
IFETCE/H&S- II/MATHS/MATHIVADHANA/IYEAR/ M.E.(CSE)/I-SEM/MA7155/APPLIED PROBABILITY
AND STATISTICS /UNIT–IV/PPT/VER1.1
The Seven Steps…
1) Describe in words the population characteristic
about which hypotheses are to be tested
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5% 1.96 1.645
1% 2.58 2.33
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Soln:
Given n = 400
No. of defectives in the sample = 30
p = Proportion of defectives in the sample = 30/400 = 0.075
P = the population Proportion = 5/100 = 0.05
Q = 1-P = 1- 0.05 = 0.5
Null Hypothesis H0 : the company’s claim p= 0.05 is acceptable.
Alternative Hypothesis H1: P> 0.05 [right-tailed]
Test statistic : p P
z
PQ 22
n
IFETCE/H&S- II/MATHS/MATHIVADHANA/IYEAR/ M.E.(CSE)/I-SEM/MA7155/APPLIED PROBABILITY
AND STATISTICS /UNIT–IV/PPT/VER1.1
0.075 0.05
z
0.05 * 0.95
400
2.29
Calculated value of z = 2.29
Conclusion:
Since calculated z > tabulated z.
H0 is rejected.
p1 p2
z
1 1
pq
n1 n1
n 1 p1 n 2 p2
where p and q 1 p
n1 n1
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Soln:
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Test statistic:
p1 p2
z
1 1
pq
1
n n2
n p n 2 p2
where p 1 1
n1 n2
1000 * 0.4 800 * 0.5
p 0.444
1800
q 1 p 1 0.44 0.556
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Conclusion:
Since calculated z > tabulated z
H0 is rejected.
H1 is accepted under 5% level of significance.
There is a significant difference in the proportion of wheat
consumers in the two cities. 27
x
z
s
n 28
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Reject
.025 .025
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-1.96
0 1.96 Z
IFETCE/H&S- II/MATHS/MATHIVADHANA/IYEAR/ M.E.(CSE)/I-SEM/MA7155/APPLIED PROBABILITY
AND STATISTICS /UNIT–IV/PPT/VER1.1
Test of Significance for Difference
of Mean
To test the significant difference between x1 and x2 , the test of statistic
is given by
x1 x2
z
s 12 s 22
n1 n2
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Conclusion:
Since the calculated values of z > tabulated value of z
H0 is rejected, and H1 is accepted.
i,e., Americans are taller than the Englishmen. 34
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Soln:
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Conclusion:
Since the calculated values of z > tabulated value of z
H0 is rejected, and H1 is accepted.
There is a significant difference between the two S.D.
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x
t
s
(OR) n
x
t
S .D
n 1
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Where s2
1 1
( x x ) 2
1 1
( x x ) 2
n1 n2 2
1
s2 [ n1s12 n2 s22 ]
n1 n2 2
s1 , s2 - sample S.D.
Degrees of freedom d.f. = n1 + n2 - 2 42
Soln:
Given n1 =25, n2 = 25
x1 = 200, x = 250
2
s1 = 20, s2 = 25
1
s2 [ n1s12 n2 s22 ]
n1 n2 2
1
[25(20) 2 25(25) 2 ]
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533.85
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s 23.10
IFETCE/H&S- II/MATHS/MATHIVADHANA/IYEAR/ M.E.(CSE)/I-SEM/MA7155/APPLIED PROBABILITY
AND STATISTICS /UNIT–IV/PPT/VER1.1
x1 x2
t
1 1
s
n1 n2
200 250
7.65
1 1
23.10
25 25
| t | 7.65
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S12
F 2
S2
Where S1
2 ( x x )2
, S 22
( y y )2
n1 1 n2 1
and S1 S 2
2 2
Note:
Greater var iance
1. F
Smaller var iance
2. nS 2 ( n 1 )S 2
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Soln:
Given n1 = 13, n2 = 15
s12 =3.0, s22 = 2.5
Null Hypothesis H0 : The two samples have come from
populations with the same variance.
Here s12 > s22
The test statistic is
S12 3.0
F 2
S2 2.5
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Conclusion:
Since Calculated value of F < tabulated value of F
H0 is accepted.
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Definition:
An attribute means a quality or characteristic.
Eg: Drinking, smoking, blindness, honesty, etc.
(O E ) 2
ψ
2
E
Degrees of Freedom =(r-1)(s-1)
r – no. of rows
s – no. of columns.
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Soln:
Null Hypothesis H0: The vaccine is not effective.
The observed frequencies are
O E (O-E)2 (O-E)2 /E
15 20 25 1.25
25 20 25 1.25
85 80 25 0.3125
75 80 25 0.3125
3.125
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Conclusion:
Since Calculated ψ2 < tabulated ψ2
H0 is accepted.
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