Chapter 20:

Immunity
Innate defenses
Specific immunity
Cell mediated immunity
Self recognition
Mekanisme dasar sistem imun :
 Imunitas alamiah dan didapat
 Sistem imun seluler dan humoral
 Imunitas aktif dan pasif
 Imunitas primer dan sekunder
 Antigen dan Antibodi
 Reaksi antigen-antibodi (Reaksi kompleks
imun)
Defense
system
First line of defense: Surface
membrane barriers
 Skin and mucous membrane
 Layered epidermis and shedding of epithelial cells
 Sebum inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi.
 Mucous traps microbes, dust and pollutants.
 Lacrimal apparatus
 Saliva
 Vaginal secretions
 Flow of urine
 Defecation and vomiting
 Gastric juices destroy bacteria and their toxins
Second line of defense:
chemical and cellular defenses
 Antimicrobial proteins
 Interferon
 Complement
 Transferrins
 Natural killer cells
 Phagocytes
 Neutrophils
 Dendritic cells
 Macrophages
 Wandering
 Fixed
 Eosinophils
The Second Line of Defense
~White Blood Cells~

- If invaders
actually get
within the
body, then your
white blood cells
(WBCs) begin
their attack
- WBCs normally
circulate
throughout the
blood, but will Video
enter the body’s
Phagocytosis
Inflammatory response
 Prevents spread of damaging agents.
 Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
 Sets the stage for repair.
 Characteristics
 Pain
 Redness
 Heat
 Swelling
 Impairment of function
 Inflammation
Stages of inflammation
 Release of chemical
alarms
 Vasodilation and
permeability of BV
 Emigration of
phagocytes
 Tissue repair
Phagocyte
mobilization
Interferons
 Produced by
lymphocytes,
macrophages and
fibroblasts.
 Interfere with
translation of viral
proteins
 Degrade viral RNA
 Activate
macrophages and
NK cells
Complement
INFLAMMATION
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
PMN
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
Cytokines/ PMN
Mediators
Lymphocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adhesion mol.
 Adaptive Resistance
 Specificity—recognition of particular
antigens
 Memory—remembers previously
encountered antigens
 Systemic—immunity is not restricted to
the initial infection site
 Immune responses
 Antibody-mediated or humoral immune
responses (late 1800s)
 Cell-mediated immune responses (mid 1900s)
Antigens and antigen receptors
 Antigens can be entire microbes, parts of
microbes or chemical components of
pollen, egg white, blood cells,…….
 Complete antigens
 Immunogenicity
 Reactivity
 Incomplete antigens
 Haptens
 Epitopes
Self antigens: MHC proteins
 Antigens on our own
cells are self-antigens
 MHC proteins are
glycoproteins that
mark the cell as self.
 Class I MHC proteins are
on all body cells
 Class II MHC proteins
are only on certain cells
that act in the immune
response
Immunocompetence
 T and B cells that have not been exposed
to an antigen are naïve.

 Binding with an antigen completes

differentiation into functional B and T
cells.
Immunocompetence for T cells
1. Must be able to bind MHC molecules.
2. Must not react strongly to self antigens.
Antigen receptors
 Genes determine what foreign substance
will be recognized.
 An antigen determines which T or B cells
will be activated.
 Lymphocytes make over a billion different
receptors.
 Gene segments of a few hundred bits are
reshuffled and combined--somatic
recombination.
 The newly assembled gene is expressed
as a receptor on the cell surface.
Humoral immune response
 Antigen challenge—the meeting between a
naïve immunocompetent lymphocyte and
an invading antigen.
 Occurs in lymphoid tissue such as spleen
or lymph node.
 If antigen challenge is presented to a B
cell then the humoral immune response is
provoked.
Immunological memory
 Primary immune
response

 Secondary
immune response
Antibodies
Immunoglobulin classes
 IgD is attached to B-cell
plasma membrane
 IgM is released during
primary response
 IgG functions in late
primary and secondary
response
 IgA found in body
secretions
 IgE causes release of
histamine
Antibody defense: PLANe
 Precipitation

 Lysis: Complement fixation and activation

 Agglutination

 Neutralization

 Enhancing phagocytosis
Complement
Cell-mediated immunity
 Antibodies can only inactivate an antigen
and NOT destroy it.
 Antibodies prepare an organism for
destruction by innate defenses.
 T cells can only recognize and respond to
processed fragments of protein.
 T cells are suited for cell to cell interaction
and target body cells infected by virus,
bacteria and abnormal or cancerous body
cells or cells that are transplanted or
infused.
Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells
 Activation of T cells—T cell receptors bind to
antigen presented by the antigen-MHC
complex.
 CD4 and CD8 proteins interact with antigen
and help maintain MHC-antigen coupling.
 Types of T-cells
 Helper T cells (CD4)
 Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
 Memory T-cells
T cell activation
 T cells must accomplish a double recognition.
 They must recognize nonself (antigen) and self
(MHC protein of a body cell).
 Co-stimulation by binding to other proteins on
APC
 Cytokines (IL 1 and 2) are released by APC or T
cell following co-stimulation
 Antigen binding without co-stimulation leads to
anergy in T and B cells.
 Antigen recognition and co-stimulation lead to
activation.
Antigen-presenting cells
Antigen-presenting cells
Activated T cell
 Activation leads to enlargement,
differentiation and proliferation of T cells.
 T cells that are reproduced are clones of
originally activated T cell.
 Activation, differentiation and proliferation
occurs in secondary lymph organs and
tissue.
 Activation leads to release of inflammatory
cytokines.
Cytotoxic T cells
Organ transplants
 Autografts—grafts from the same person
to another body site
 Isografts—grafts between genetically
identical individuals
 Allografts—grafts among the same species
 Xenografts—grafts taken from another
animal species
Homeostatic imbalances
of immunity: Immunodeficiencies
 Severe combined immunodeficiency
(SCID) syndromes

 Acquired immune deficiency syndromes

 Hodgkin’s Disease
 HIV
 AIDS
Homeostatic imbalances
of immunity: Autoimmune disease
 Type I diabetes—destroys pancreatic beta
cells
 Multiple sclerosis—destroys myelin
sheaths
 Myasthenia gravis—impairs
communication between nerve and muscle
 Lupus erythematosus—systemic disease of
skin, kidneys, heart, and lungs
 Grave’s Disease—stimulates thyroid glad
to make excessive amounts of thyroxine
 Rheumatoid arthritis—destruction of joints
Hypersensitivities