IMAGE PROCESSING

RASTER DATA

• In its simplest form,

a raster consists of a matrix of
cells (or pixels) organized into
rows and columns (or a grid) where
each cell contains a value
representing information, such as
temperature.

• Raster are digital aerial

photographs, imagery from
satellites, digital pictures, or even
scanned maps. - ESRI
 TYPES OF RASTER DATA

1. Satellite Images

• As the name
suggests the data is
acquired by Remote
sensing satellites.

• The resolution varies

from censor to
censor with
resolution as high as
0.5m.
 TYPES OF RASTER DATA (CONTD..)

2. Aerial Imagery

• These are images that are

captured using airplanes or
drones (manned and
unmanned).

• These typically have very

high resolution and are
used for smaller AOIs.
 TYPES OF RASTER DATA (CONTD..)

3. Digital Images

• Are typical captured from

digital cameras.

• Example street view.

 TYPES OF RASTER DATA (CONTD..)

4.Scanned Maps

• These are topographic maps or

navigational maps.

• Survey of India provides us

with topographic maps in
various scales.
 RESOLUTION

• The detail with which a map

depicts the location and shape of
geographic features. The larger the
map scale, the higher the possible
resolution.

• As scale decreases, resolution

diminishes and feature boundaries
must be smoothed, simplified, or
not shown at all; for example,
small areas may have to be
represented as points.
 TYPES OF RESOLUTION

1. Spatial Resolution

2. Spectral Resolution

3. Temporal Resolution

4. Radiometric Resolution
 SPATIAL RESOLUTION

• Spatial resolution is a term that

refers to the number of pixels utilized
in construction of a digital image.

• Images having higher spatial

resolution are composed with a
greater number of pixels than those of
lower spatial resolution.
 SPECTRAL RESOLUTION

• The ability of a sensor to

resolve wavelength intervals,
also called bands, within
the electromagnetic spectrum.
 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

• Temporal resolution is defined as the amount of time needed to revisit and acquire
data for the exact same location. When applied to remote sensing, this amount of
time depends on the orbital characteristics of the sensor platform as well as sensor
characteristics.

• The temporal resolution is high when the revisiting delay is low and vice-versa.
Temporal resolution is usually expressed in days.
 RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION

• The sensitivity of a
sensor to incoming
reflectance. Radiometric
resolution refers to the
number of divisions of
bit depth (for example,
255 for 8-bit, 65,536 for
16-bit, and so on) in data
collected by a sensor
 DATA ACQUISITION

• Acquiring geographic data is an

important factor in any
geographic information system
(GIS) effort. It has been
estimated that data acquisition
typically consumes 60 to 80
percent of the time and money
spent on any given project.

• Therefore, care must be taken to

ensure that GIS projects remain
mindful of their stated goals so
the collection of spatial data
proceeds in an efficient and
effective manner as possible.
 ORTHO RECTIFICATION

• Orthorectification is the process of removing the effects of image perspective (tilt)

and relief (terrain) effects for the purpose of creating a planimetrically correct
image.

• The resultant orthorectified image has a constant scale wherein features are
represented in their 'true' positions.
 IMAGE PROCESSING

• IMAGE CAPTURING
• GEO DATABASE, GEO REFERENCE
• IMAGE RECTIFIER & SOFTWARES

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 IMAGE CAPTURING

Definition : An Image can be described as a picture that is produced/captured by a

camera, artist, mirror, etc.

• It is a Raster Image nothing but Raw data .

• Raster Images are sub classified into digital pictures or even scanned copies,
Satellite Image and Aerial Image.

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 DATABASE FOR IMAGE

➢ We need Geographic data

Geo referencing :

Aligning geographic data to a known coordinate system so it can be viewed, queried,

and analysed with other geographic data.

11-02-2016