Kinetic Molecular Theory

• Rudolf Clausius,James Clerk

Maxwell and Ludwig
Boltzmann
• The kinetic molecular theory
of gases is a model that helps
us understand the physical
properties of gases at the
molecular level. It is based on
the following concepts:
A. Kinetic Molecular Theory
 Particles in an ideal gas…
• have no volume.
• have elastic collisions.
• are in constant, random, straight-
line motion.
• don’t attract or repel each other.
• have an avg. KE directly related
to temperature.
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
1.Gas particles are small and the
total volume occupied by gas
molecules is negligible relative to
the total volume of their container.
2.Gas particles are constantly
colliding with each other and the
walls of their container. These
collisions are elastic; that is, there
is no net loss of energy from the
collisions.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
3.Gases consist of particles
(molecules or atoms) that are in
constant random motion.

4. There are no interactive forces

(i.e., attraction or repulsion)
between the particles of a gas.
Kinetic Molecular Theory

5. The average kinetic energy of

gas particles is proportional to
the absolute temperature of the
gas, and all gases at the same
temperature have the same
average kinetic energy.
 THE
VARIABLES OF
GAS LAWS
VOLUME (V)
All gases uniformly fills up a
container.
The amount of space a matter
occupies.
Liters (L) or milliliters (mL)
D. Temperature
 Always use absolute temperature
(Kelvin) when working with gases.
ºF
-459 32 212
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373

C  9
5
F  32 K = ºC + 273
E. Pressure
 The force exerted by the
particles on the walls of the
container.
UNITS
1 atm (Atmospheres)
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
760 mm Hg (millimeters of
mercury)
760 torr
14.7 psi (pounds per square inch)
 Boyle’s Law

 Pressure and
volume are inversely
related at constant
temperature.
 PV = K
 As one goes up,
the other goes down.
“Father of Modern Chemistry”
Robert Boyle
Chemist & Natural Philosopher
Listmore, Ireland
January 25, 1627 – December 30, 1690  P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law: P1V1 = P2V2
1. Action of a Syringe
When we draw fluids into the
syringe, we increase the
volume inside. This volume
will decrease the pressure
inside the syringe, making
the pressure outside of the
syringe greater, thus
creating a vacuum that force
the fluid int the syringe.
2. Action of the
Diaphragm in our body
As we inhale the
diaphragm moves
downward, increasing
the volume of our lungs
then the pressure
inside the lungs
therefore decreases.
3. Medical Aspirator
An increase in the
volume of the
respirator reduces
the pressure,
pushing the air out of
the patients lungs,
making the patient
exhale.
 Charles’ Law
 Volume of a
gas varies directly
with the absolute
temperature at
constant
pressure.
Jacques-Alexandre Charles
 V /T= K Mathematician, Physicist, Inventor
Beaugency, France
November 12, 1746 – April 7, 1823
 V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
Charles’ Law: V1/T1 = V2/T2
1.Refrigerators
Cooling Effect
Refrigerants usually
CFC is allowed to
expand in a sealed
area, drawing heat
from within the
refrigerator and thus
cooling the air within.
2.Hot air balloon
The air in the
balloon expands
when it is
heated, making
the balloon
buoyant.
 Gay-Lussac’s Law
 At constant
volume, pressure
and absolute
temperature are
directly related.
 P/T = k
 P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac
Experimentalist
Limoges, France
December 6, 1778 – May 9, 1850
1.Operation of
pressure cooker
When water is
heated, it produce
steam; the trapped
steam increases
pressure and
boiling point of
water.
2.Boiling and
Cooking
Cooking takes
longer at higher
altitudes because
atmospheric
pressure is lower.
 LAW RELATIONSHIP FORMULA CONSTANT

Boyle’s P V P1V1 = P2V2 T

Charles’ V T V1/T1 = V2/T2 P

Gay-
P T P1/T1 = P2/T2 V
Lussac’s
Combined Gas Law
Is a combination of Boyle’s Law
Charles’ law and Gay-Lussac’s
Law.
The volume of gas is directly
proportional to the absolute
temperature and inversely
proportional to the pressure.
Combined Gas Law

PV
=k
T
P 1V 1 P 2V 2
=
T1 T2
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
Other Gas laws
Avogadro’s Law of Volume and
Moles
Avogadro's Law states that for a
gas at constant temperature and
pressure the volume is directly
proportional to the number of
moles of gas.
V 1 V2
=
n1 n2
Other Gas laws
Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressure
States that the total pressure is
the sum of the pressure created
by the gases in the mixture.

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + ...
Total pressure partial pressures