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RIZAL IN EUROPE

CHAPTER 5
Desired Learning Outcomes

■ Discuss student activism in Spain and Propaganda Movement


■ Examine how Propaganda Movement inspired nationalism
TOPICS:

■ Student Activities in Spain


■ Luna and Hidalgo’s Achievement
■ The Propaganda Movement
■ The La Solidaridad
■ Failure of the Propaganda Movement
■ Marcelo H Del Pilar as Delegate in Barcelona of the Propaganda
Movement
STUDENT ACTIVITES IN SPAIN
■ A huge portion of Europe was illiterate in 1880s, education was poor, and
its quality was very low
■ Though improvements were blooming in Europe, the educational system
was awful
■ Primary and secondary schools were stuck in their old and ineffective ways
of teaching
■ Students were forced to be bookish rather than be enthusiastic
■ All was dependent on memorization alone
■ Numerous professors of universities had two jobs and were far more
focused in their political career than in teaching
STUDENT ACTIVITES IN SPAIN
■ In general, universities in 1867 to 1868 and 1875 were behind, and few
people could afford to send their child to school
■ Churches back then made efforts to exclude irreligious teachings from
schools
■ Hence, educational advancement was hard to attain
■ Also, the churches held a tantamount amount of power and were
influential, leaving Spanish universities stagnant and old style
■ This prevented students from acquiring greater knowledge than the
parishes, which somehow lessened the chances of revolts and
questioning of the mandates of the church and its defective ruling
STUDENT ACTIVITES IN SPAIN
■ Progress had only begun at the end of the 1880s wherein there was
renewal of Spain’s university life
■ By this time Filipino students began to arrive in Spain and were able to
acquire deeper knowledge about the Spanish ways
■ It was in 1880s and 1890s when Spain opened its doors to Filipinos
■ Being able to know Spain ate that time, Filipino students were able to
understand the dealings of Spain’s laws and policies in the Philippines
■ They were able to interact more than when they were in the Philippines
■ Ideas became free-flowing
STUDENT ACTIVITES IN SPAIN

■ Rejection and evaluation of the abuses of the church and state in the
Philippines were opened in class, and proclamation of liberty burned the
desires of Filipino students who were awakened to the truth of the
Spanish ruling
■ Hence, the aspiration for independence and Philippine liberty
strengthened and numerous church dogmas were rejected
(Schumacher,1997)
LUNA AND
HIDALGO’S
ACHIEVEMENT
SPOLARIUM BY JUAN LUNA
Vigenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho or
Christian Virgin to the Populace BY FELIX
HIDALGO
LUNA AND HIDALGO’S ACHIEVEMENT
■ Filipino artist, namely Juan Luna Y Novicio and Felix Resurreccion
Hidalgo, rose to fame in the year 1884
■ Two painter won prizes at the Exposicion de Bellas Artes in Madrid
■ Juan Luna’s Spolarium received a gold medal of the first class while Felix
Hidalgo received a medal of the second class for his Vigenes Critianas
Expuestas al Populacho or Christian Virgin to the Populace
■ The fellow countrymen were proud of their achievements
■ Pedro Paterno made efforts to organize banquet in honor of the two
Filipino painters
■ Such triumph was made known to the media and journalist in Madrid
LUNA AND HIDALGO’S ACHIEVEMENT

■ A liberal newspaper, El Imparcial, covered the masterpiece of the 2


Filipino painters, which showed the various forces at work in the Filipino
movement
■ Such attracted the attention of the people in Madrid (National
Centennial Commission, 1999)
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

■ The extreme abuses of the Spanish government caused Filipinos to


initiate revolts to throw the Spanish forces out of the Philippine
■ Seeking independence from Spain, Filipinos were enraged by the tyranny
of the Spaniards
■ The public execution of the 3 priests (GOMBURZA) marked the
beginning of the propaganda movement intended to attain
independence from Spain
■ Such movement called for reforms in the political, social, and economic
setup of the country
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
■ Marcelo H. Del Pilar, lawyer, mason, and pamphleteer, was one of the
voices and leaders of the peaceful reform movement
■ With his brother Fr. Toribio del Pilar exiled to Guam in 1872, he desired
to uplift the welfare of his countrymen through preaching work and self-
dignity in public places
■ As radical thinker, his ways were condemned by the Spanish government,
and he was forced to flee to Spain where he collaborated with the other
reformist there
■ Marcelo took over the editorship of La Solidaridad after Graciano Lopez
Jaena
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
■ Graciano Lopez Jaena, another prominent leader of the reform movement,
mocked the friars’ corrupt practices through his work Fray Batod
■ Through this literary masterpiece he humiliated the power hungry friars and
their immoral conducts
■ It was this reason he was arrested
■ AS time went by, the number of reformists increased and was later on joined by
Filipino reformists coming from Spain, namely:
– Jose Rizal in 1882, Felix
– Ressurection Hidalgo,
– Eduardo de Lete,
– Mariano Ponce,
– Jose Alejandrino,
– Edilberto Evangelista,
– Galicao Apacible,
– Antonio and Juan Luna and may more
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
■ In addition, Antonio Ma. Regidor and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera who were
exiled in Europe, also became part of the reformist movement
■ Later on, La Solidaridad was established 1889
■ It was achieved through the help of Pablo Rianzares
■ It became the newspaper of the reformists in Spain
■ Writers and their pseudonyms:
– Jose Rizal- Dimas-alang and Laong Laaan;
– Marcelo H.del Pilar-Plaridel;
– Antonio Luna-Taga-ilog;
– Mariano Ponce-Kalipulako, Naning, and Tikbalang
■ Other reformists were Jose Ma. Panganiban, Isabelo delos Reyes, Pedro
Sarrano Laktaw, Jose Alejandrino Laktaw and some other
■ They were contributors to the said propaganda
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

■ According to Agoncillo (1990), the following were among the


main demands of the reformists:
– Fairness among Filipinos before the law
– Assimilation of Philippines as regular province of Spain
– Restoration of the Philippine representation in the Cortes
– Filipinization of the Philippine churches
– Granting of individual liberties, such as freedom of speech,
of the press, and of association and redress grievances
The La Solidaridad

■ On December 31, 1888, an organization called “La Solidaridad” was


founded
■ This was led by Galicano Apacible and Graciano Lopez Jeana
■ At that time, Jose Rizal was in England, and he was the honorary
president of the organization
■ The reform movement was sustained by the Spanish minister, Dr. Miguel
Morayta, and a professor and Austrian ethnologist, Ferdinand
Blumentritt
■ La Solidaridad was its official newspaper
The La Solidaridad

■ The La Solidaridad was the organ of the patriotic society established by


Filipino expatriates in Barcelona (La Solidaridad, 1889).
■ The aims of this fortnightly organ in Philippine opinion were:
– To work peacefully for political and social reforms
– To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines and for Spain
to remedy them
– To oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievalism
– To advocate liberal ideas and progress
– To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life,
democracy, and happiness
The La Solidaridad

■ Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were written to awaken the


nationalism and awareness of filipinos toward the tyranny of the
Spaniards
■ Thus, the novels attacked corrupt, immoral, and abusive friars
■ The friars, in defense, banned the books, importation and distribution
Failure of the Propaganda Movement
■ According to Bernard (1974), the failure of the reformists’ Propaganda
Movement was caused by numerous reasons
■ For instance, Spain’s internal problems left them without ears to listen to
the propagandist platforms and request, which were published in La
Solidaridad
■ Also, the parishes blocked all outbreaks of the reformists through the
Philippine newspaper owned by the friars’ La Politica de Espana en
Filipina
■ The existence of disunity also hindered the success of the reformists,
quarrels on who should lead and conflicting ideas
■ Lastly, unavailability of funds limited the movement of the propaganda
activities in Europe, which led to its failure
Failure of the Propaganda Movement

■ At some point the propaganda movement achieved some success in


promulgating ideas used in its battle for reforms
■ The propagandists served as the voice of the many voiceless Filipinos
who suffered from the cruelty of Spaniards.
■ They succeeded in expressing the extreme emotions felt by the abused
Filipinos, and such was done by putting experiences into words
■ The propagandists used their skills and talents to promote the rights that
Filipinos should have, which were long deprived from them by the
colonizers
Failure of the Propaganda Movement

■ The movement had also touched men and women to rise up and carry firearms
to defend themselves from countless abuses
■ At some point, such effort of the propaganda movement brought unity to
Filipinos
■ As time passed by, the word revolt knocked on the hearts of Filipino reformists
■ They later became revolutionaries who totally sought to overthrow the Spanish
regime
■ Followers of the regime, like Andress Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Apolinario
Mabini, Emilio Jacinto, and some other leaders were greatly drawn toward
revolts to attain reforms (Agoncillo, 1990)
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR AS DELEGATE IN
BARCELONA OF THE PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
■ As an official delegate to Spain of the Comite de Propaganda de Manila,
Marcelo H. del Pilar carried with him the two stages of the committee’s plans
■ The first strategy of the committee was to use legal and peaceful campaign to
win the heart of Spain and provide a seat for the Philippines in the Cortes to
advance their desired reforms for the country
■ Publications and propagandas were made to fuel such plan
■ Also, such action paved the way for their second strategy, which was to awaken
the consciousness of Filipinos in the Philippines and encourage them to join the
movement that later on paved the way for revolt
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR AS DELEGATE IN
BARCELONA OF THE PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
■ An account of a revolt, which supported such strategy was the May 1889
struggle for Philippine independence
■ The second stage included the expulsion of friars in the Philippines
(Schumacher, 1997)
■ La Solidaridad was effective propaganda, which influenced numerous
Spanish politician and a good tool in going against the friars’ prominence
in the Philippines
■ Such propaganda of La Solidaridad gained support from numerous
natives and had gone deeper toward political dealings of the Spanish
government that seemed to be abusive to natives in the Philippines
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR AS DELEGATE IN
BARCELONA OF THE PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
■ Del Pilar exerted enormous effort to further make La Solidaridad more
effective in encouraging reforms in the Philippines
■ He studied and evaluated the Spanish political setup to invite more
Filipinos to join the propaganda
■ Del Pilar worked hard to keep the eyes of the masses focused on the
propaganda movement and to keep La Solidaridad running
■ On April 2, 1889, the Masonic lodge “Revolucion” organized by the
Filipinos of Barcelona, petitioned Miguel Morayta, grand master of the
Gran Oriente Espanol, for affiliation of their lodge with his federation
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR AS DELEGATE IN
BARCELONA OF THE PROPAGANDA
MOVEMENT
■ Del Pilar had several meetings with Morayta after two weeks
■ Del Pilar was able to make alliances with the Spanish Mason to support
La Solidaridad’s goal of taking reformation to the next level
THANK YOU!!!

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