HF COMMUNICATION : PAST, PRESENT,

FUTURE

HF COMMUNICATION: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE 1

CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 BRIEF PRELIMINARIES ON HF COMMUNICATION
 HISTORICAL REVIEW OF HF COMMUNICATION
 KEY CHALLENGES
 FUTURE DIRECTION
 SUMMARY

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INTRODUCTION

 An electromagnetic frequency defined by ITU for radio and radar comm.

 Operates in a range of 3 to 30 MHz.
 Wavelength 10 to 100m.
 Important wireless comm. Practice.

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USES OF HF COMMUNICATION

 Emergency comm. In disaster area.

 Remote comm. With ships, aircrafts.
 International and regional broadcasting.
 Amateur radio.
 Maritime sea-to-shore service.
 Air-to-ground communication.
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BRIEF PRELIMINARIES ON HF COMMUNICATION

 Surface/Ground wave propagation

 Sky wave propagation
 Line of sight

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SURFACE WAVE PROPAGATION
 A wave which guided along the surface of the earth.
 Produced by vertically polarized antennas.
 Propagates with absorption and reflection.
 Attenuation increases as frequency increases.
 Propagates low frequencies(VLF,LF,MF) upto 2 MHz.
 Short distance communication
 Ex:- AM broadcasting, ship-to-ship comm.

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SKY WAVE PROPAGATION

 A wave that is refracted/reflected towards the earth from ionosphere.

 Ionization is possible due to presence of sun energy.
 Propagates middle range frequencies(HF,VHF).
 Used for long distance transmission.
 Ex:- Military communication, international broadcasting.

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LINE OF SIGHT

 LOS operates in a range of 15 to 85kms.

 Transmitting and receiving antenna must be within line of sight
 Radio band changes due to change in refractive index of atmosphere.
 Height of tower should be high from obstecles.
 Ex:- TV, Satellite, optical comm.

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HISTORICAL REVIEW OF HF COMMUNICATION

 Starts around 1985

 Marconi & other radio pioneers began to use long wavelengths
 HF were given for experiments until 1921
 HF band’s long distance transmission capability
 Lower transmit power and smaller antennas.

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FIRST GENERATION HF COMMUNICATION(1920-
1970)

 Spark gap transmitter

 Manual frequency selection
 Invention of continuous wave oscillator
 Analogy voice service
 Point-to-point communication
 MSK, FSK, PSK gives better performance

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SECOND GENERATION HF COMMUNICATION(1980-
1990)

 Automatic link establishment.

 Digital voice/data service.
 Point-to-multipoint communication.
 Asynchronous process requires long time.
 Voice service lack of data.

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THIRD GENERATION HF COMMUNICATION(2000-
2010)
 Automatic link establishment
 High performance data transmission
 Channel for link establishment and transmission separated.
 Higher data rate,lower SNR, faster link establishment
 Synchronous technique reduced scanning time.
 Integrated service from analogy to digital voice.

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NEXT GENERATION HF COMMUNICATION(2010- )

 Intelligent operations
 Wideband data transmission
 Heterogeneous networking

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KEY CHALLENGES

 Reliability
 High Data Rates
 Massive Remote Access

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RELIABILITY

 Due to complex and unpredictable factor of Nature

 Ex:-changing in ionospheric refrection
 Unintentional interference
 Intentional jamming

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HIGH DATA RATES

 For supporting video and image transmissions.

 Voice and data with less cost
 Transmission of large data files

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MASSIVE REMOTE ACCESS

 Increasing in worldwide applications like ships, aircrafts etc.

 Massive :-huge no. of concurrent connection comm.
 Remote:-distance bw HF transceivers is large.

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FUTURE DIRECTION

 Intelligent HF radio
 Wideband HF
 Heterogeneous Networking

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INTELLIGENT HF RADIOS

 Improve self adaptability.

 Proactive ALE
 Pre selection of favourable freq. based on spectrum prediction.
 Smart anti-jamming

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WIDEBAND HF

 Increase data rates for supporting diverse services.

 Design a new waveform utilizing current 3 KHz allocation.
 Multichannel approach.
 Increase data rates using wider contiguous waveform.

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HETEROGENEOUS NETWORK

 Improve reliability by diverse combining.

 Centralized access control to coordinate massive connections.
 Integrated space-air-marine-ground comm. Network.

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SUMMARY

 Presents a general tutorial on HF comm.

 Technical evolution of HF comm.
 Key challenges.
 Future directions.

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