DISTRIBUTION

SUBSTATION
Mohammad Nazri bin Rosli
Types, Merits and Demerits

• A substation raised the medium-voltage generated by the

generators to the high voltage needed to transmit the energy.
• The high transmission lines voltage is then reduced in those
substations located close to the power consuming centers.
• There are 4 types of substation
Transmission substation

• A transmission substation connects two or more transmission

lines. In case where all transmission lines have the same voltage:
• A transmission station may have:
1.Transformers to convert between two transmission voltages,
2.Voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors,
reactors or static VAR compensators
3.Phase shifting transformers to control power flow between two
adjacent power systems.
Distribution substation

• A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission

system to the distribution system of an area.
• The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two
transmission or sub-transmission lines.
• Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4
and 33kV depending on the size of the area served and the
practices of the local utility.
• Besides changing the voltage, the job of the distribution substation
is to isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution
systems.
Collector substation

• In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector

substation may be required, which is similar to a distribution
substation although power flows in the opposite direction, from
many wind turbines up into the transmission grid.
• For economy of construction the collector system operates around
35kV, and the collector substation steps up voltage to a
transmission voltage for the grid.
• The collector substation can also provide power factor correction if
it is needed, metering and controlof the wind farm.
Switching substation

• A switching substation is a substation which does not contain

transformers and operates only at a single voltage level.
• Switching substations are sometimes used as collector and
distribution stations.
• Sometimes they are used for switching the current to back-up lines
or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure.
Substation Equipments

In the substation it is usually contains the following major components

1. transformers
2. circuit breakers
3. horn gap switches
4. disconnect switches
5. grounding switches
6. surge arresters
7. current limiting reactors
8. instrument transformers
9. relays and protective devices.
Distribution Substation
Switchgears
• Switchgear power systems combine electrical disconnects, fuses
and circuit breakers.
• These switchgear power systems are used to remove potential
electrical faults downstream in the entire electrical generation
process in order to provide safe electrical power.
• It also helps to increase the reliability of electrical supplies to the
power customers on that electrical system.
Switchgears

1. switches,
2. fuses,
3. circuit breaker,
4. isolator,
5. relays,
6. current and potential transformer,
7. indicating instrument,
8. lightning arresters
• The switchgear system is directly linked to the supply system
• It is placed in both the high and low voltage side of the power
transformer. It is used for de-energizing the equipment for testing
and maintenance and for clearing the fault.
• The automatic protective switchgear mainly consists of the relay
and circuit breaker
• When the fault occurs in any section of the system, the relay of that
section comes into operation and close the trip circuit of the breaker
which disconnects the faulty section.
Low Voltage Switchgear

Generally electrical switchgear rated up to 1 KV is termed as low

voltage switchgear.
The term LV Switchgear includes low voltage circuit breakers,
switches, off load electrical isolators, HRC fuses, earth leakage circuit
breaker, miniature circuit breakers (MCB) and molded case circuit
breakers (MCCB)
Medium voltage switchgear

From 3 KV to 36 KV switchgear system is categorized as medium

voltage switchgear or MV switchgear.
These switchgears are of many types. They may metal enclosed
indoor type, metal enclosed outdoor type, outdoor type without
metal enclosure.
The interruption medium of this switchgear may be oil, SF and
vacuum. The main requirement of MV power network is to interrupt
current during faulty condition irrespective of what type of CB is
used in the MV switchgear system.
High Voltage Switchgear

• High voltage circuit breaker, is the main component of HV

switchgear, hence high voltage circuit breaker should have special
features for safe and reliable operation.
• Faulty tripping and switching operation of high voltage circuit are
very rear.
• Most of the time these circuit breakers remain, at ON condition,
and may be operated after a long period of time. So CBs must be
reliable enough to ensure safe operation, as when required.
Protective Gears
1. INSULATED MATTING
Insulating matting are also known as dielectric carpets, and
are used to protect people and parts of electrical equipment
used in switchboards, transformers and other high voltage
workplaces.
2. INSULATED LADDERS
3. RESCUE RODS & LIFE SAVING KITS
4. EARTHING & SHORT CIRCUITING KITS
5. OPERATING RODS & ACCESSORIES
6. VOLTAGE DETECTORS
7. FACE SHIELDS, VISORS & HELMETS
8. ARC FLASH PROTECTION
Power Factor Improvement

Mathematically, there are some method to improve power factor.

First, we need to find the total electrical power.
Total electrical power = voltage x current (VoltAmp)
Secondly, We need to find active power.
Active power = Total electrical power.cosθ (Watt)
Third, we need to find the reactive power
Reactive power = Total electrical power.sin θ (VAR)
• Mathematically, S2 = P2 + Q2 and electrical power factor is active
power / apparent power.
Power Factor Improvement

• The term power factor comes into the picture in AC circuits only.
Mathematically it is the cosine of the phase difference between the
source voltage and current. It refers to the fraction of total power
(apparent power) which is utilized to do the useful work called
active power.
Power Factor Calculation

• Now, we know P = VIcosφ watt

• Hence, we can get the electrical power factor.

• Now we can calculate the reactive power Q = VIsinφ VAR
• This reactive power can now be supplied from the capacitor
installed in parallel with the load in local. The reactive power of a
capacitor can be calculated using the following formula:

• Which found from the capacitance and inductance formula;

Volt Meter,Ammeter and Current Transformer