DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

A Project Report On
Experimental Setup For The Analysis Of Two Phase Flow
(Group No. 18)

Under the guidance of

Dr. N. M. Rao

GROUP MEMBERS
Pankaj Nemade (BE Mech A 43)
Ammar Qazi (BE Mech A 48)
Aditya Rokade (BE Mech A 54)
Runal Naik (BE Mech B 56)
 AIM OF THE STUDY

• Two phase flow can be defined as the flow which consists of two phases usually
gas and liquid.
• In our study ,we deal with air and water as the two phases flowing through pipes
of different diameters.
• Since in actual practice also water flowing through pipes has certain amount of
air present in it.
• So the aim of project is to measure the pressure difference, flow rates, and
capture different fluid regimes by using an experimental setup.
• The experimental setup consists of ultrasonic flow meter , magnetic flow meter,
rotameter to measure flow rates , differential pressure transducer to measure
pressure differences and laser scanning sensor to capture different fluid regimes.
 ANALYSIS OF TWO PHASE FLOW
A single phase flow is classified as follows based on the Reynolds Number :
Laminar : For closed channel Re < 3000 and for open channels Re > 300000
Transient : For closed channel 3000 < Re < 5000 and for open channels 300000 <
Re < 500000
Turbulent : For closed channel Re > 5000 and for open channels Re > 500000
But multiphase flow has to be analysed for different flow regimes:

Bubbly flow: It is the formation of bubbles in the pipe which can lead to cavitation.
Plug flow: These bubbles join to form larger gas plugs. The plugs flow in the upper
part due to gravity effect.
Stratified Flow: The phases are completely separated with gas on the upper part
and liquid in the lower part.
Wavy flow : This takes place at higher velocities in which waves are formed on the
phase boundaries resulting in more friction between phases.
Slug flow : Waves in the flow reach the top of the pipe , closing the gas path in the
top. This results in suden pressure changes leading to shocks and vibrations.
Annular flow: In this the liquid forms a coat all around the pipe walls
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP ( ISOMETRIC VIEW )
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP ( ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS)

TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
ANSYS ANALYSIS

VELOCITY PLOT
PRESSURE PLOT
DENSITY PLOT
VOLUME FRACTION PLOT FOR WATER PHASE
VOLUME FRACTION PLOT FOR AIR PHASE
AIR-WATER TWO PHASE FLOW ANIMATION
 SCOPE OF STUDY

• To study the different flow regimes.

• To study the pressure variation of the two phase flow.
• To study the velocity variation.
• To determine the void fraction for different flow rate.
• To study the effect of change in parameters due to percentage variation in air water mixture
in two phase flow.
 ULTRASONIC FLOW METER

• An ultrasonic flow meter measures the velocity of a fluid with ultrasound to

calculate the volume flowrate.
• Using ultrasonic transducers, the flow meter can measure the average velocity
along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by averaging the difference in
measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and
against the direction of the flow or by measuring the frequency shift from
the Doppler effect.
• Ultrasonic flow meters are affected by the acoustic properties of the fluid and can
be impacted by temperature, density, viscosity and suspended particulates
depending on the exact flow meter. They vary greatly in purchase price but are
often inexpensive to use and maintain because they do not use moving parts,
unlike mechanical flow meters.
 MAGNETIC FLOW METER
• A common flow meter (like a differential pressure and
positive displacement flow meters) is the magnetic
flow meter, also technically an electromagnetic flow
meter .
• A magnetic field is applied to the metering tube, which
results in a potential difference proportional to the
flow velocity perpendicular to the flux lines. The
physical principle at work is electromagnetic induction.
The magnetic flow meter requires a conducting fluid,
for example, water that contains ions, and an electrical
insulating pipe surface, for example, a rubber-lined
steel tube.
• If the magnetic field direction were constant, electrochemical and other effects
at the electrodes would make the potential difference difficult to distinguish
from the fluid flow induced potential difference. To mitigate this in modern
magnetic flowmeters, the magnetic field is constantly reversed, cancelling out
the electrochemical potential difference, which does not change direction with
the magnetic field.
• This however prevents the use of permanent magnets for magnetic flowmeters.
 ROTAMETER
• A rotameter consists of a tapered tube, typically
made of glass with a 'float' (a shaped weight,
made either of anodized aluminium or a ceramic),
inside that is pushed up by the drag force of the
flow and pulled down by gravity. The drag force for
a given fluid and float cross section is a function of
flow speed squared only
• A higher volumetric flow rate through a given area
increases flow speed and drag force, so the float
will be pushed upwards. However, as the inside of
the rotameter is cone shaped (widens), the area
around the float through which the medium flows
increases, the flow speed and drag force decrease
until there is mechanical equilibrium with the
float's weight.
• Floats are made in many different shapes, with spheres and ellipsoids being the
most common. The float may be diagonally grooved and partially coloured so
that it rotates axially as the fluid passes. This shows if the float is stuck since it
will only rotate if it is free. Readings are usually taken at the top of the widest
part of the float; the centre for an ellipsoid, or the top for a cylinder. Some
manufacturers use a different standard.
• The "float" must not float in the fluid: it has to have a higher density than the
fluid, otherwise it will float to the top even if there is no flow.
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
It measures the difference
between two pressures,
one connected to each
side of the sensor.
Differential pressure
transducer used to
measure pressure drops
across fluid (by measuring
the change in pressure
across a restriction).
 ROTAMETER SPECIFICATIONS:
Rotameter to measure air flow rate
Fluid : air operating temperature: Normal flow rate: 0-20 lpm & 10-100 lpm
line size : 3/4 th inch
Rotameter to measure water flow rate
fluid: water operating temperature: Normal flow rate: 0-20 lpm line size: 3/4 th inch

PRICE:
Sr.No. Name of the Model Units Cost (INR)
Supplier

1 Eureka CIVF – PG- 1 5090/-

Industrial 9(M)
Equipments
PVT. LTD
 MULTIMETER SPECIFICATION:

Response time: 5 millisecond

PRICE:

Sr.No. Name of the Model Units Cost (INR)

Supplier
1 Rishabh Model: RISH 1 10,300
Instruments MULTI 18S
2 Rishabh RISH Multi SI 1 3,670
Instruments 232
Communicatio
n Adaptor
 ULTRASONIC FLOW METER SPECIFICATIONS:
Model: OPTISONIC 6000
Version: Single Beam with 2 sensors
Line Size: 50 NB, 100 NB, 150 NB
Type: Transit Time
Minimum flow rate: 0-100 lpm
Operating Temperature: 20° C to 70° C
PRICE:

Sr.No. Name of the Model Units Cost (INR)

Supplier

A Krohne Marshall Ultrasonic 1 2,20,000

Pvt. Ltd. Flowmeter
OPTISONIC -
6000 (Spec:
Attached)
 COST ESTIMATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Sr.No. Equipment Quantity Cost

1 2 in 6.5 ft 3 1890
Acrylic Pipes 4 in 6.5 ft 3 6900
6 in 6.5 ft 3 12000
2 10 mm 8800
Acrylic Sheets 18 mm 15200
3 L Channel 40 m 8000

4 Differential Pressure Transducer 1 48000

5 Ultrasonic Flow Meter 1 220000

6 Rotameter 2 11000

7 Multimeter with data header 1 14000

8 Stabiliser 1 6000
 APPLICATIONS OF AIR-WATER TWO PHASE FLOW

• In large boilers to produce steam for use in turbines.

• Pump cavitation
• Marine propellers
• In climate systems such as clouds
• In groundwater flow in which the movement of water and air through the soil is
studied
 REFERENCES

• Salomon Levy, two-phase flow in complex systems, Wiley, 1999.

• S. M. Two-phase flow, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
• Critical Regimes of Two-phase flow with a poly dispersed solid phase, Eugene Barsky.
• Advances in Two-phase flow :Fundamentals and applications, Sadik Kakac and M Ishi.
• Statistical Hydrodynamic models for developed mixing in stability flows, Antoine Llor.
• Two-phase flow: Theory and Applications, Cl Kleinstreuer.
Websites:
• www.eurekaflow.com
• www.krohne.com
TIME PLAN
THANK YOU