LIGHTING

SYSTEM
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WHAT IS LIGHTING?

Lighting is a form of energy without

which there can be no vision. When
light strikes an object, It may be
reflected, absorbed or allowed to pass
through.
TERMINOLOGIES

Lux (lx): This is the

illuminance produced
by a luminous flux of
one lumen, uniformly
distributed over a
surface area of one
square meter
TERMINOLOGIES

Lumen: Most common measure of light output. Lumen is a unit of luminous

flux or light flow. The lumen rating of a lamp is a measure of the total light output
of the lamp. It is the quantity used to describe the brightness of a light source.
Light sources are labeled with an output rating in lumens.
 TERMINOLOGIES
 Luminance(L): is a sort of a combination of luminous intensity and illuminance.
It is how much light is striking (or coming out of) a surface per unit area (like
illuminance) per solid angle (like luminous intensity). Its units are thus
candela/m2. Fundamentally, luminance is a measure of how bright a surface
appears to a human eye at a specified angle to the surface. Its main present day
use is in characterizing the brightness of computer monitors.
 Illuminance: This is the quotient of the illuminous flux incident on an element
of the surface at a point of surface containing the point, by the area of that
element
 Luminous Efficacy (lm/W): Measure of effectiveness of a light source. It is
the ratio of lumen output to watt input
 Candela (cd) : Candela is used instead of candle power. It is defined as the light
emitted by a lamp, radiating in all directions equally, to produce 1 lumen per
steradian.
 TERMINOLOGIES

 Footcandle(fc) :The measurement of the intensity of illumination is called foot

candle and is denoted by fc
 Colour Rendering Index (CRI): color appearance of an object under a light
source as compared to reference source. Its relative scaling ranges from 0 to 100.
 Radiant Intensity(Ie): Radiant power emitted by a point source in a given
direction. Its unit is Watts per steradian (W/sr).
 Radiance: is the radiant intensity of a source in a given direction, divided by its
orthogonally projected area in that direction. Its unit is Watts per steradian per
square meter (W/(sr.m2)).
TERMS RELATED WITH LIGHT QUALITY

 Colour Rendering Index (CRI)

CRI is a measure of the degree to which the colours of surfaces illuminated by a
given light source confirm to those of the same surfaces under a reference illuminant;
suitable allowance having been made for the state of chromatic adaptation. Usually sun
is considered as reference illuminant. Therefore CRI can also be defined as light source's
ability to render colors the same way as sunlight does. CRI value ranges from 1 to 100.
The top value of the CRI scale is 100 and is based on illumination by a 100-watt
incandescent light bulb. A low CRI value indicates that some colours will appear
unnatural when illuminated by the lamp with low CRI. A light source with a CRI of 80 or
higher is considered acceptable for most indoor residential applications.
TERMS RELATED WITH LIGHT QUALITY

 Colour Corelated Temperature (CRT)

- The luminous colour of a light source is described by the colour temperature.
Color temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) temperature. Temperatures, between
3600K–5500 K are considered as cool lights and lower color temperatures, between
2700K–3000 K are considered as warm lights. Usually cool light is preferred for visual
tasks as it produces higher contrast than that of warm light whereas warm light is
preferred for living spaces since it is more suitable to skin tones and clothing.
TERMS RELATED WITH LIGHT QUALITY

 Flicker
-Flicker refers to what happens when a light turns off every time the AC line goes
through zero volts. Incandescent lamps are subject to flickering, but it’s not noticeable
because the filament takes so long to cool down whereas fluorescent tubes, including CFLs
extinguish their plasma arc within about 100 μ sec. Thus they will turn on and off 50 to 60
times per second. This produces an annoying effect called flicker in the light. The chance of
flickering is more in case of Light Emitting Diodes as they turn off faster than fluorescent
lamps. A general lighting installation that produces visible flicker not preferred universally
unless it is being used for entertainment. The magnitude of individual differences can be
detected in the retina even when there is no visible flicker, which implies that a clear safety
margin is necessary to make flickering not perceivable anyone.
TERMS RELATED WITH LIGHT QUALITY

 Glare
-Glare is defined as the too much brightness from a direct light source that makes
it hard to see what one wishes to see. Glare occurs in many ways. One of the possibility is
producing too much light. Too much light creates a simple photophobic response, in which
the observer strain to see, blinks, or looks away. Too much light is common in full
sunlight. A bright object placed on a dark background usually causes glare. Bright lights
reflecting from a television or computer screen or even from a printed page produces
glare. Bright incandescent lamps produces more direct glare than large fluorescent lamps as
they are intense light sources than fluorescent lamps. However, glare is primarily caused
due to the improper placement of light sources and the corresponding objects being
viewed.
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM

 LED is a light emitting semiconductor diode that

emits light in forward direction or in the
direction it is pointed towards.
 LEDs are most often used in the form of an
indicator light in electronic devices, traffic signal
lights, musical instruments and dashboards in
cars and in houses, etc.
 The color of the light produced by LED depends
on the composition of the semiconductor
material used out of which producing a blue
color light is the most difficult process.
 The nature of the light emitted can be visible,
infrared or ultraviolet.
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
FACTORS AFFETCING THE LIGHTING SYSTEM

 Use of high efficacy light source

 Use of more efficient luminaries
 Selective switching
 Utilization of daylight
 Luminaries of higher space to height ratio
 Higher reflectance surfaces of the room
 Visual task analysis
 Task oriented lighting.
SOLAR LIGHTING SYSTEMS

 The Solar Lighting Systems are available in the basic categories which are Solar
lanterns, Solar street lighting systems and Solar home lighting systems
 The solar lanterns are portable units which can be easily moved to any place
where lighting is necessary. The lanterns are available with a 10 or 12 Wp
photovoltaic module and a 7 W CFL. It can be used for 3 to 4 hours per day
after charging it for a day under normal insolation of 2-3 kWh/day.
 The solar street lighting systems are available with a 70 Ah Battery. It has an
automatic dusk to dawn Controller, with at least 3 days of back up power in
case of low insolation regime.
 The solar home lighting systems are available with basic configuration of
either 2 × 9 W CFLs or 2 × 11 W CFLs, with a 40 Ah Battery capable of
operating for three to four hours per day. A small DC Fan of 20 W capacity
can also be opted for.
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
IN LIGHTING SYSTEMS

 Use of LED lamps for indicating lamps will reduce the energy
consumption.
 Use of compact fluorescent lamps in place of incandescent
lamps, reduce the lighting energy by 70%.
 Use of mirror optic fluorescent lamps increases the lighting
level considerably.
 Use of HPSV lamps in place of MPSV lamps reduce the energy
consumption by 60%
 As the lighting level is inversely proportional to square of the
distance, optimizing the height of lamp will aid in reduction of
lighting energy.
BENEFITS OF USING LED LIGHT BULBS OVER
STANDARD LIGHT BULBS
 Power consumption of LED light bulb is only 10% of the standard light bulb.
 LED light bulbs withstand great amount of vibration, shock and temperature variations.
 LED light bulbs are 10-60 times more energy efficient than incandescent light bulbs.
 Incandescent light bulbs produce light that flickers whereas LED light bulbs produce flicker
free light.
 LED bulbs can produce many rich and vibrant colors when compared to incandescent
light bulbs.
 Pollution free due to non-emission of infra red or ultraviolet rays, mercury gases or other
harmful rays.
 Do not have ballasts thus, no interference.
 Existing fixtures used since long are used making installation of our lights easy.
 Operates on universal input range.
 Due to long shelf life, no maintenance is required.
 Lasts 5 to 10 times longer than other conventional lighting products virtually eliminating
the need for frequent replacement.
ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES
IN LIGHTING SYSTEMS

 Use of electronic ballasts for discharge lamps, reduce energy

consumption by 20%
 Installation of intelligent lighting controller will help in controlling the
lighting energy.
 Use of photo sensor switch for street light controlling helps in conserving
the lighting energy.
 Installation of auto cut-off switch to put off lights during lunch
hours at the office buildings will reduce the lighting energy.
 At street lights, in many places, the reflectors inside the HPSV fitting are
damaged, it is suggested to replace the fittings with anodised aluminium
reflectors. This will improve the lighting level by 20-25%.
 Use of energy efficient lamps like CFL, LED, T-5 fluorescent lamp, etc lead to
enormous amount of energy savings which is estimated as 50 to 80%.