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peptide bonds
Secondary structures are held together by
hydrogen bonds that form between nearby
amino acids. These can either by alpha helix
or beta pleated.
Tertiary structures are affected by all types of
bonds.
Globular proteins are round and compact
made up of polypeptide chains
A phosphate
In Messenger RNA,
Thymine is replaced by
Uracil (U)
DNA can replicate itself when:
1) The DNA double helix unwinds itself and the
hydrogen bonds break to form two single
strands.
2) Free floating mononucleotides join together to
each original template strand and join by
complementary base pairing.
3) The mononucleotides on the new strand are
joint together by DNA polymerase and hydrogen
bonds form between the bases.
4) Each new DNA contains one original strand and
one new strand.
Uses heavy and light strands of DNA
Bacteria is grown in N15
All nucleotides then contained heavy
isotope of nitrogen
The bacteria was then moved to N14
DNA was divided and replicated
They were extracted and centrifuged
Amniocentisis- inserting a needle into the
amniotic fluid to collect fallen cells from the
placenta and foetus to test for mutations.
This can be carried out at 15-17weeks and
carries a 0.5-1% risk of miscarriage.
Chronic Villus sampling- small sample of
placental tissue is obtained through the
abdomen or the vagina. This can be carried
out at 8-12 weeks and carries a risk of 1-2%
risk of miscarriage.
PIGD-Pre implantation genetic diagnosis-
where the embryo is tested for mutations
before implantation in IVF. This method can
be expensive and unreliable.
However it prevents the need for abortion.
Rights & duties- human rights should be
considered
Maximising the amount of good in the world-
Ulitarianism would say its okay to breach
moral boundaries as long as its for the good
of others
Making decisions for yourself- give informed
consent to decisions about your health
Leading a virtuous life –considering whether
the suffering people may go through is worth
it.
CF is a recessive disease
It is on chromosome 7 and the common
mutation is DF508 which is the deletion of
three nucleotides.
CF can result from a number of mutations.
Mutations are passed onto future
generations.
1) DNA sequence is removed
2) DNA Sequences is replaced with the Normal
allele of the desired gene
3) This initiates protein synthesis
4) Virus is incorporates the cells into our own
DNA
5) Desired gene replaces mutation in the
nucleus
1) Copy of the normal allele is inserted into a
plasmid(ring of DNA)
2) The plasmid is combined with liposomes
3) Positively charged phospholipids combine
with the DNA to form a liposome-DNA
complex.
Bronchodilators- drugs which aid the muscles
to relax and vaso-dilate allowing air to flow
through. This is take in by a nebuliser.
Antibiotics- drugs that prevent and kill the
growth of bacteria which is growing in the
mucus.
DNAase-enzymes that breakdown the DNA
released by white blood cells and prevents
stickiness in the mucus
Diet-Having high energy foods and may be
protein supplements
Enzyme supplements- which aid the
digestion process especially if the pancreas is
blocked with mucus
Physiotherapy-tapping on the wall of the
chest to loosen the mucus
Transplant- if organs are badly damaged, a
transplant may be needed.
Basal membrane Apical
membrane