PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES

2
PRESENTED BY
• Asif Umer • 15PWCHE 1032
• Shakil Ahmad • 15PWCHE 1033
• Owais Khan • 15PWCHE 1034
• Muzzamil Abbasi • 15PWCHE 1035
3
CONTENTS
• Pressure measuring devices
• Classification
• Construction & Working Principles
• Applications
4 PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES

• In general, pressure is represented as force per unit area. The

measurement of pressure is one of the most important measurements,
as it is used in almost all industries. Some important applications of
pressure measurement is listed.
I. The pressure of steam in a boiler is measured for ensuring safe operating condition of
the boiler.
II. Pressure measurement is done in continuous processing industries such as
manufacturing and chemical industries.
5 CON…
IV. Pressure measurement helps in determining the liquid level in tanks and containers.
V. In many flow meter (such as venturi meter, orifice meter, flow nozzle, etc.,)
pressure measurement serves as an indication of flow rate.
VI. Measurement of pressure change becomes an indication of temperature (as used in
pressure thermometers-fluid expansion type).
VII. Apart from this, pressure measurement is also required in day-to-day situations
such as maintaining optimal pressure in tubes of vehicle tyres.
6 CLASSIFICATION

• Gravitational transducers
I. A dead weight tester

• Elastic transducers
I. Bourdon tube pressure gauge
II. Diaphragm gauges bellow gauges
III. Bellow gauges to measure gauge pressure
IV. Bellow gauge to measure differential pressure
7 CON…
• Device measurement of High Pressure
I. Bridgman pressure gauge
• Device Measurement of Low pressure
I. McLeod vacuum gauge.
II. Thermal conductivity gauges.
III. Pirani gauge.
IV. Ionization gauge
8 MANOMETER
• What are Manometers?
Manometers are devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid,
by balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column of fluid.

• Types of Manometer
1. Simple Manometers
A simple manometer is one which consists of a glass tube, whose one end is
connected to a point where pressure is to be measured and the other end is open
to atmosphere.
9 TYPES OF MANOMETER
2. Piezometer
• Piezometer is one of the simplest forms of manometers. It can be used for
measuring moderate pressures of liquids. The setup of piezometer
consists of a glass tube, inserted in the wall of a vessel or of a pipe.

Fig. 1. Piezometer
10 TYPES OF MANOMETER
• The tube extends vertically upward to such a height that liquid can freely
rise in it without overflowing. The pressure at any point in the liquid is
indicated by the height of the liquid in the tube above that point.
• Pressure at point A can be computed by measuring the height to which
the liquid rises in the glass tube.The pressure at point A is given by
p = wh
where w is the specific weight of the liquid.
11 TYPES OF MANOMETER
3. U-Tube Manometer
• The unknown pressure is applied in the one arm of the tube and the
mercury in the tube or manometric liquid filled in the tube moves in the
tube or rises to the constant region and then the movement is stopped.
The height of the liquid is measured and noted.
the pressure is calculated by using the formula
∆𝑃 = 𝛿𝑔∆ℎ

Fig.4. U-tube Manometer

12 TYPES OF MANOMETER
4. Vertical single column manometer
• A common form of manometer seen in calibration laboratories is the well
type, consisting of a single vertical tube and a relatively large
reservoir (called the well) acting as the second column. Due to the
well’s much larger cross-sectional area, liquid motion inside of it is
negligible compared to the motion of liquid inside the clear viewing tube.
For all practical purposes, the only liquid motion is inside the smaller tube.
13 TYPES OF MANOMETER

Fig.5. Vertical single column manometer

14 TYPES OF MANOMETER
5. Differential Manometers

• Differential Manometers are the devices used for measuring the difference
of pressures between two pints in a pipe or in two different pipes.
• A Differential Manometer consists of a U-tube, containing a heavy liquid,
whose two ends are connected to the points, whose difference of
pressure is to be measured.
15 DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER

Fig.6. Differential U-tube manometer Fig.7. Differential inverted manometer

16 CON…
• Let the pressures at the point A and B are 𝑃A and PB, respectively.
ℎ1 = height of the liquid in the left limb below the datum line X-X
ℎ2 = height of the liquid in the right limb
h = difference of light liquid
𝜌1 = density of liquid at A
𝜌2 = density of liquid at B
𝜌𝑠 = density of light liquid

𝑃 A– 𝑃 B = 𝜌1 g ℎ1 − 𝜌2 g ℎ2 − 𝜌𝑠 g ℎ
17 MECHANICAL PRESSURE GAUGES
• Mechanical Gauges is the best instrument to measure High Fluid Pressure
in hydraulics engineering, where Tube Gauge cannot be conveniently used.
• Mechanical gauges measure speed or pressure at the source and send the
information to the gauge mechanically.
• The gauge consists of a flattened tube bent in the form of a curve that
tends to straighten under fluid pressure. The curved tube is linked to a
needle that registers on a calibrated scale.
18 TYPES
1. Bourdon tube pressure gauges
• Bourdon tube pressure gauges are the most common type in many areas
and are used to measure medium to high pressures.
• They cover measuring spans from 600 mbar to 4000 bar.
• The measuring element is a curved tube with a circular, spiral or coiled
shape, commonly called a bourdon tube.
.
19 CON…
• This tube moves outward when the pressure inside the tube is higher
than the external pressure, and inward when the internal pressure is
lower.

Fig.8. Bourden gauge

20 CON…
2. Capsule element pressure gauge
• Capsule element pressure gauges are used to measure air and dry gases at low
pressures.
• They cover measuring spans from 2.5 mbar to 600 mbar
• The measuring element consists of two metal diaphragms soldered together to
form a cylindrical bellows chamber.
• This capsule element expands when the pressure inside the element is higher
than the external pressure, and it contracts when the internal pressure is lower.
21 CON…
• This motion is proportional to the pressure to be measured, and it is
coupled to the pointer mechanism.

Fig.9. Capsule Pressure gauge

22 CON…
3. Diaphragm pressure gauges
• Diaphragm pressure gauges are used to measure gases and liquids
• They cover measuring spans from 10 mbar to 40 bar.
• The measuring element consists of one circular diaphragm clamped
between a pair of flanges
• The positive or negative pressure acting on these diaphragms causes
deformation of the measuring element.
23 CON…
• The magnitude of the deformation is proportional to the pressure to be
measured, and it is coupled to the pointer mechanism.

Fig.10. Diaphragm pressure gauge

24 DEAD WEIGHT TESTER
• The dead weight tester apparatus consists of a chamber which is
filled with oil free impurities and a piston – cylinder combination is
fitted above the chamber as shown in diagram.
• The top portion of the piston is attached with a platform to carry weights.
A plunger with a handle has been provided to vary the pressure of oil in
the chamber.
• The pressure gauge to be tested is fitted at an appropriate plate.
25 CON…

Fig.11. Dead weight Tester pressure gauge

26
OPERATION
• The dead weight tester is basically a pressure producing and pressure measuring
device.
• It is used to calibrate pressure gauges.
• The following procedure is adopted for calibrating pressure gauges.
• Calibration of pressure gauge means introducing an accurately known sample of
pressure to the gauge under test and then observing the response of the gauge.
• In order to create this accurately known pressure, the following steps are
followed.
• The valve of the apparatus is closed.
27 CON…
• Now by operating the plunger, fluid pressure is applied to the other side
of the piston until enough force is developed to lift the piston-weight
combination.
• When this happens, the piston weight combination floats freely within the
cylinder between limit stops.
• In this condition of equilibrium, the pressure force of fluid is balanced
against the gravitational force of the weights pulls the friction drag.
• A known weight is placed on the platform.
28 CON…
• Therefore, PA = Mg + F

Hence P = Mg + F / A
where, P = pressure, M = Mass; Kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity; m/s²
F = Friction drag; N
A = Equivalent area of piston – cylinder combination; m²
29 CON…
• Thus the pressure P which is caused due to the weights placed on the platform
is calculated. After calculating P, the plunger is released.
• Now the pressure gauge to be calibrated is fitted at an appropriate place on the
dead weight tester.
• The same known weight which was used to calculate P is placed on the platform.
Due to the weight, the piston moves downwards and exerts a pressure P on the
fluid.
• Now the valve in the apparatus is opened so that the fluid pressure P is
transmitted to the gauge, which makes the gauge indicate a pressure value.
30 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY GAUGES
• A thermal conductivity gauge works on the following principle.
• The temperature of a given wire through which an electric current is
flowing depends on two factors:
I. The magnitude of current
II. The rate at which heat is dissipated.
• The current can be kept constant and the rate at which heat is dissipated
will depends on the conductivity of the surrounding media.
31 CON…
• If pressure is lowered, its conductivity will also reduce and the wire will
become hotter for given current flow.
• Thus it is seen that the temperature of the wire is directly dependent
upon the pressure of the surrounding medium.
• The most commonly used conductivity gauges are:
I. Thermocouple gauge
II. Pirani gauge
III. Ionization gauge
32 CON…

Fig.12. Thermocouple gauge

33
CON…

Fig.13. Ionization gauge Fig.14. Pirani gauge

34 REFERENCES
[1] F. Mechanics, “Pressure and Pressure Measuring Devices.”
[2] “DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Volume 2 of 2,” vol. 2, no. June, 1992.
[3] “DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
Volume 1 of 2,” vol. 1, no. June, 1992.
[4] G. Gedeon, “Process Controls for Industrial Facility Systems,” no. 877.
[5] P. Measurements, “Unit 3 pressure measurements,” pp. 1–53.
35