Advance Grammar

and Rhetoric
Discussant:
ANGELICA G. YUSON
USES OF COMMA
 Marco NONESSENTIAL: The
NONESSENTIAL:

leading
Polo, Use a commas
Mongols, whoto
European swept in China in
set off
expedition to
nonessential
the 1200’s, ruled
expressions.
China, was with an iron hand.
Marco Polo.
NONESSENTIAL: The
ESSENTIAL:

Confucius, a Chinese thinker

Chinese thinker, Confucius taught
taught the the importance of
importance of tradition.
tradition.
NONESSENTIAL: The
ESSENTIAL:

Confucius, a Chinese thinker

Chinese thinker, Confucius taught
taught the the importance of
importance of tradition.
tradition.
 Marco
NONESSENTIAL:

Polo, leading a
European
expedition to
China, was
Marco Polo.
 The
NONESSENTIAL:

Mongols, who
swept into the
China in 1200’s,
ruled with an iron
hand.
 The
 Use commas in
NONESSENTIAL:

Mongols, who
SPECIAL
swept in China in
the 1200’s, ruled
SITUATIONS
with an iron hand.
When a date is made up of two or more
parts, use a comma after each item excerpt
in the case of a month followed by a day.

On July 12, 2010, Aunt Martha arrived in this

country with just a few possessions.
When a date contains only a month and a
year, commas are unnecessary.
When a geographical name is made up of
two or more parts, use a comma after each
item.
They lived in Metro Manila, somewhere in
Marikina City, for several years and then
moved to Rizal, Antipolo City.
When a geographical name is made up of
two or more parts, use a comma after each
item.

My friend Alyssa was born in San Jose, Antipolo

City, Rizal.
  Commas are used in other
situations: these includes addresses,
letter salutations and closings,
numbers and quotations.
She is corresponding in her friend Arlene
Blackwell, 32 Birdsong Avenue, Falmount,
Metro Manila.
She is corresponding in her friend Arlene
Arlene Blackwell
Blackwell, 32 Birdsong Avenue, Falmount,
32 Birdsong Avenue
Metro Manila.
Falmount, Metro Manila
With numbers of more than 3 digits, add a
comma before every third digit, counting
from the right.
2,345 bricks
A population of 1, 567, 490
7,107 islands
USE COMMAS TO SET OFF A DIRECT
QOUTATION FROM THE REST OF A
SENTENCE.

Gordon murmured with a

yawn, “This is a dull movie.”
USES OF APOSTROPHE
 a woman's hat  Mrs. Chang's house
the boss's wife  Texas' weather
-n’t not Isn’t (is not), hasn’t (has not)
-‘re are They’re (they are), we’re (we are),
you’re (you are)
-‘d had, would She’d (she had, she would), I’d (I
had, I would)
-‘ll will We’ll (we will), you’ll (you will)
The children's rooms.
 This month is women’s month.
 I like the men’s magazine.
USE COMMAS TO SET OFF A DIRECT
QOUTATION FROM THE REST OF A
SENTENCE.

Gordon murmured with a

yawn, “This is a dull movie.”
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS
 A fragment is an incomplete
sentence punctuated as though a
complete sentence. There are
four sentence errors that can
produce fragments.
FRAGMENT TYPE 1: NO SUBJECT

The police officer was driving

the car over the speed limit.
FRAGMENT TYPE 1: NO SUBJECT

The police officer was driving

the car over the speed limit.
FRAGMENT TYPE 1: NO SUBJECT

Jonna felt embarrassed

FRAGMENT TYPE 1: NO SUBJECT

Jonna felt embarrassed

FRAGMENT TYPE 1: NO SUBJECT

Shane knew the answer in

your question.
FRAGMENT TYPE 1: NO SUBJECT

Shane knew the answer in

your question.
FRAGMENT TYPE 2: NO VERB

The woman with the flower

tattoo attracted some
attention.
FRAGMENT TYPE 2: NO VERB

The woman with the flower

tattoo attracted some
attention.
FRAGMENT TYPE 2: NO VERB

The students in the

classroom are listening in
the discussion.
FRAGMENT TYPE 2: NO VERB

The students in the

classroom are listening in
the discussion.
FRAGMENT TYPE 3: -ING VERB
WITH NO HELPING VERB

The patient struggling

bravely against a terrible
disease.
FRAGMENT TYPE 3: -ING VERB
WITH NO HELPING VERB

The dancers circling the

stage.
FRAGMENT TYPE 4:INCOMPLETE
THOUGHT

That the children were very

curious
FRAGMENT TYPE 4:INCOMPLETE
THOUGHT

That the children The children were

were very curious very curious
FRAGMENT TYPE 4:INCOMPLETE
THOUGHT

Although I have an email

account, I rarely email my
friends.
 FRAGMENT TYPE 4:INCOMPLETE
THOUGHT

Although I have an
Although I have an
email account, I rarely
email account email my friends.
Run-on SENTENCEs
A run-on sentence occurs when two or
more independent clauses are not
joined correctly.
 WHAT IS AN
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE?
 WHAT IS AN
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE?

a group of words that can stand alone

as a sentence, as in, “the dog runs.”
WHAT ARE THE TWO
TYPES OF RUN ON
SENTENCES?
 WHAT ARE THE TWO
TYPES OF RUN ON
SENTENCES?

FUSED COMMA
SENTENCES SPLICES
 FUSED
SENTENCES

It occurs when independent clauses run

together with no marks of punctuation or
coordinating conjunctions to separate
them.
 RUN ON
SENTENCES
My professor read my paper she said it was excellent.
It occurs whenclause
independent independent
independentclauses
clause run
together with no marks of punctuation or
coordinating conjunctions to separate
them.
 RUN ON
SENTENCES
The students are chatting the teacher is teaching.
It occurs whenclause
independent independent
independentclauses
clause run
together with no marks of punctuation or
coordinating conjunctions to separate
them.
 RUN ON
SENTENCES
I want to eat ice cream I have sore throat.
It occurs when independent
independent clauses
clause independent clause run
together with no marks of punctuation or
coordinating conjunctions to separate
them.
 COMMA
SPLICE

It occurs when two or more independent

clauses are joined only by a comma.
 RUN ON
SENTENCES
My cat meowed angrily, I knew she wanted food.
It occurs whenclause
independent independent
independentclauses
clause run
together with no marks of punctuation or
coordinating conjunctions to separate
them.
 RUN ON
SENTENCES
The teacher got angry, she nagged the students.
It occurs whenclause
independent independent
independentclauses
clause run
together with no marks of punctuation or
coordinating conjunctions to separate
them.
 RUN ON
SENTENCES
I want to buy new phone I don’t have money.
It occurs when independent
independent clauses
clause independent clause run
together with no marks of punctuation or
coordinating conjunctions to separate
them.
 IN

1 2 3 4

WAYS
 Run-on: My professor read my paper she
said it was excellent.
Correction: My professor read my paper,
and she said it was excellent.
Run-on: My cat meowed angrily, I knew
she wanted food.
Correction: My cat meowed angrily; I
knew she wanted food.
Correction with a transitional expression:
Run-on: It seemed to Wanda that her daughter
had more than enough crayons, they were
strewn across the bedroom floor and some of
them were broken, and, worse still, someone
had used the stub of a red crayon to mark a
sinister smiley face on the wall.
Run-on: The largest tree by
volume in the world is the General
Sherman Sequoia, it is a little over
52,500 cubic feet.
Run-on: Toni Morrison is a
professor at Princeton
University, she wrote the novel
The Bluest Eye.
Run-on: I told my roommate I
would be late, she still locked
me out.