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Lesson 4:

Methods
Section
Ma. Lourdes G. Olegario
Instructor
▪ The methods section describes the rationale for
the application of specific procedures or
techniques used to identify, select, and analyze
information applied to understanding the
research problem.
▪ It answers two main questions:
 How was the data collected or generated?
 How was it analyzed?

 The writing should be direct and precise and


always written in the past tense.
What should be written in the Methods
Section?
▪ Describe the Research Design
▪ Describe the Sampling Procedure and
the Participants of the Study
▪ Describe the Instruments Used
▪ Describe the Data Gathering Procedure
▪ Describe the Statistical Treatment of
Data
RESEARCH
DESIGNS
Descriptive Definition Examples
Design
Status and Examines the Ms. Beltran would like to
Survey characteristics, attitudes, know the socio-economic
behaviors, and intentions status of the nursing
of a group of people faculty in the National
through interviews or self- Capital Region.
administered
questionnaire.

Cross- Involves the collection of A study comparing


sectional data at one point in time cholesterol levels among
and involves different populations of
representative sections of walkers and non-walkers
the population. at the same point in time
Descriptive Definition Examples
Design
Longitudinal Involves the collection A study to measure
of data at two or more cholesterol levels in a
points in time. It also single population of daily
involves the study of walkers over an extended
trends, changes or period of time.
development over
time.

Analytic Examines the various A study to answer the


aspects of a given question: What are the
phenomenon. patterns of coping among
infertile women?
Descriptive Definition Examples
Design
Evaluative Involves the collection A research to know the
and analysis of effectiveness of the
information relating to Problem-based learning
the effectiveness and which was introduced in the
functioning of a program college 4 years ago
or procedure.
Comparative Involves the collection A study with the question:
and analysis of Do men and women hold
information relating to different perceptions about
how views, practices, the factors they consider
and procedures differ important in making fertility
and compare. treatment decisions
Descriptive Definition Example
Design
Causal Examines the A study that
Comparative relationships among ascertained the
or Ex-post variables but involve underlying reason
Facto no manipulation of that explain why
the independent nurses who came
variable. It attempts from science high
to determine the schools performed
cause or reason for better than those
pre-existing who graduated from
differences in groups non-science high
or individuals. schools.
Population
and Sample
TARGET POPULATION
TARGET POPULATION
▪ the entire set of
individuals who have
the characteristics
required by the
SAMPLE
researcher
Ex: the whole
population of
adolescents with
eating disorders in
Manila STUDY POPULATION
STUDY POPULATION TARGET POPULATION

▪ a subset of the target


population, consisting
of those individuals
who are accessible to
be recruited as SAMPLE

participants in the
study
Ex: adolescents with
eating disorders in
National University STUDY POPULATION
SAMPLE TARGET POPULATION

▪ a subset of the study


population, consisting
of those individuals
who are selected to
participate in the SAMPLE

research study
Ex: 10% of the people
with eating disorders in
National University
STUDY POPULATION
SAMPLING – the process of selecting
individuals for a study
Probability Sampling - the entire
population is known; every individual
has an equal opportunity for selection
Nonprobability Sampling - the population is
not completely known; the samples are
gathered in a process that does not give all
the individuals in the population equal
chances of being selected
Types of Probability Sampling
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
each individual in the population has an equal and
independent chance of being selected
the process of simple random sampling consists of
the following steps:
1) clearly define the population from which you
want to select a sample
2) list all the members of the population
3) using a random process, select individuals from
the list
2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
sample is obtained by selecting
every nth participant for a list
containing the total population,
after a random start
Ex: every 5th child in a class
3. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
a sampling technique wherein the subjects are
initially grouped into different classifications such
as age, socioeconomic status or gender; then, the
researcher randomly selects the final list of
subjects from the different strata
Steps in the process
1. identify the specific subgroups (or strata) to be
included in the sample
2. select equal random samples from each of the
pre-identified subgroups
3. combine the subgroup samples into one overall
sample
Ex: selecting 25 men and 25 women from an individual class
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING
 is done when simple random sampling is
almost impossible because of the size of the
population. (Just imagine doing a simple
random sampling when the population in
question is the entire population of Manila)
Ex: selecting students from 10 classes instead
of selecting 300 students one at a time
5. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
researchers simply use as
participants those individuals
who are easy to get
Ex: individual students or
volunteers
SAMPLE SIZE
Use this online Sample Size Calculator:
http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html
where:
5% margin of error
90% confidence level
50% response distribution
Define the target population
Steps in the
Selection of a Select a sampling frame
Sample
Probability or Nonprobability?

Plan procedure for selecting


sampling units

Determine sample size

Select actual sampling units

Conduct field work


Collecting
Data
Collecting data involves:
▪ Sources – where you will get the
information
▪ Methods – how you will collect,
gather the information
SOURCE OF INFORMATION
From where or from whom will you
get the information?
Existing information – records, reports,
program documents, logs, journals
People – participants, parents, volunteers,
teachers
Pictorial records and observations – video or
photos, observations of events, artwork
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Common methods include:
▪ Survey ▪ Testimonials
▪ Case Study ▪ Tests
▪ Interview ▪ Photograph, videotape,
▪ Observation slides
▪ Group assessment ▪ Diaries, journals, logs

▪ Expert or peer reviews ▪ Document review and


analysis
▪ Portfolio reviews
Surveys
▪ A survey is a set of questions for
research participants to answer.
▪ Surveys can be administered in person,
through the mail, telephone or
electronically (e-mail or Internet).
▪ A survey can be administered to an
individual or in a group setting.
Questionnaire
Design
What is a
Questionnaire?

A set of Questions
designed to generate
the statistical
information from a
specific demographic
needed to accomplish
the research objectives
Designing the Questionnaire
▪ Plan what to measure.
▪ Design on format.
personal interview
telephone interview

 Formulate questions to obtain the needed


information.
 Decide on the wordings of questions.
 Decide on the question sequence and layout of
the questionnaire.
▪ Using a sample, test the questionnaire
for omissions and ambiguity.
▪ Correct the problems (pretest again, if
necessary).
Content: What Should Be Asked?
1. The Dichotomous Question – the
dichotomous question is generally a "yes/no"
question.
Ex:
Have you ever purchased a product
or service from our website?
o Yes
o No
2. The Multiple Choice Questions – consist of
three or more exhaustive, mutually exclusive
categories.
- Multiple choice questions can ask for
single or multiple answers.
Ex: How did you first hear about our web
site?
o Radio
o Television
o Internet
o Newspaper
o Word-of-mouth
o Other: Please Specify _______
3. Rank Order Questions – allow a certain set of brands
or products to be ranked based upon a specific
attribute or characteristic
Ex: Based upon what you have seen, heard, and
experienced, please rank the following brands
according to their reliability. Place a "1" next to the
brand that is most reliable, a "2" next to the brand that
is next most reliable, and so on. Remember, no two cars
have the same ranking.
___ Honda
___ Toyota
___ Mazda
___ Ford
4. The Rating Scale – requires a person to rate a
product or brand along a well-defined, evenly
spaced continuum.
Ex:
Which of the following categories best
describes your last experience purchasing a
product or service on our website? Would you
say that your experience was
o Very pleasant
o Somewhat pleasant
o Neither pleasant or unpleasant
o Somewhat pleasant
o Very unpleasant
5. The Semantic Differential Scale – asks a person to
rate a product, brand, or company based upon a
seven-point rating scale that has two bi-polar
adjectives at each end.
Ex. 1:
Would you say our web site is:
o (7) Very attractive
o (6)
o (5)
o (4)
o (3)
o (2)
o (1) Very unattractive
Ex. 2:
Please rate your mother
Good _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Bad
Soft _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Hard
Active _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Passive
Cruel _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Kind
Strong _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Weak
Slow _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Fast
Wise _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Foolish
Heavy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Light
Easy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Difficult
6. The Open-Ended Question – seeks to explore the
qualitative, in-depth aspects of a particular topic or
issue. It gives a person the chance to respond in
detail.
Ex:
What product or services were you
looking for that were not found on our
website?
7. The Demographic Question – an integral part of any
questionnaire. Demographic data helps you paint a
more accurate picture of the group of persons you
are trying to understand.
Ex.
1. Your gender ( ) Male ( ) Female
2. Your age: ___
3. Your civil status ( ) Single ( ) Married
4. If married, how many children do you
have? ____
5. Your highest educational attainment?
( ) BS ( ) MA/MS degree ( ) PhD
End of
Lesson 4

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