HYDRAULIC MACHINE

Compiled by Rabin
THE FORMULA TO CALCULATE SPECIFIC SPEED
(NS) OF A TURBINE ROTATING AT A SPEED OF 'N'
RPM THAT DEVELOPS THE POWER OF 'P' KW AT
THE HEAD OF 'H' M

(Ns) = (N √P) x (H)(5/4)

 The power of H is 5/4. Turbine is 5/4.

IMPULSE V/S REACTION TURBINE
EXAMPLES
TURGO TURBINE
Turgo Impulse turbines are applicable for medium to high head
applications and overlap the boundary of Pelton and Francis
machines.
These turbines are well suited to “run of river” schemes as they
can tolerate some “dirty water” and perform well over a wide
flow range.
Whilst their peak efficiency is lower than Francis machines,
they can often generate more energy due to their flat efficiency
curve and high partial load efficiency, and as such can be
preferable where considerable water supply fluctuations are
experienced.
The use of deflectors can mitigate issues of pressure surges in
the upstream pipework, even on full load rejections.
TURGO MACHINE
GIRARD TURBINE
It is parallel-flow impulse motor, the power being due almost
entirely to the velocity of the water.
The guide blades, in the vertical form of motor, may be closed
by special vertical shutters worked by special gear, and the
passages through the wheel are widened towards the outlet of
the water.
The efficiency of the Girard turbine may be highest on low
powers. A suction tube cannot be used, as the wheel must be
close to the level of the tail race.
GIRARD TURBINE
CROSS-FLOW TURBINE (AKA THE BÁNKI-MICHELL
TURBINE, OR OSSBERGER TURBINE)

1. Most of the power is

extracted by the upper
blades (roughly 75%) and
the remaining 25% by the
lower blades. Obviously
the rotor is rotating, so
what are the upper blades
one moment will be the
lower blades the next.
2. One of the advantages of
cross-flow turbines are
that they are self-
cleaning.
GORLOV TURBINE
1. The Gorlov helical
turbine (GHT) is
a reaction water
turbine evolved from
the Darrieus turbine
design by altering it to
have helical blades/foils.
2. The GHT is a vertical-
axis turbine which
means the axis is
positioned perpendicular
to current flow.
3. A GHT is proposed for
low-head micro hydro
installations, when
construction of a dam is
undesirable.
TYSON TURBINE

1. This design doesn't need a

casement, as it is inserted
directly into flowing water.
2. It consists of
a propeller mounted below
a raft, driving a power
system, typically a generator,
on top of the raft by belt or
gear.
3. The turbine is towed into the
middle of a river or stream,
where the flow is the fastest,
and tied off to shore.
4. It requires no local
engineering, and can easily
be moved to other locations.
The Tyson turbine is a very
common way to reuse energy.
 BASIC CONCEPTS BUILDING
Formula for forces exerted by fluid on a body is given by -
(Rate of momentum in) – (Rate of momentum out)
The product of force (F) and time (t) is called as impulse.
The radial force in roto-dynamic machine, which is developed
by rate of change of momentum in radial velocity, is taken care
by journal bearing.
Meridonial velocity is the resultant of radial and axial
components of fluid velocity. Radial and axial components of
fluid velocity have the responsibility of the transportation of
fluid through the machine. ULTRA LEGEND.
Pump transfers the mechanical energy of a motor or of an
engine into _________ of a fluid. ANSWER - pressure energy,
kinetic energy or both
CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP
ROTARY DISPLACEMENT PUMP
ON PUMPS
Rotary displacement pumps are suitable for handling oils.
Centrifugal pump is commonly known as velocity pump.
The centrifugal pump is the type most widely used in dairies.
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY
It is a parameter to measure the degree of degradation of
energy in steady-flow devices.
It involves a comparison between the actual performance of a
device and the performance that would be achieved under
idealized circumstances for the same inlet and exit states.
Although there exits heat transfer between the device and its
surroundings, most steady-flow devices are intended to operate
under adiabatic condition. Hence, normally an isentropic
process is chosen to serve as the idealized process.
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF TURBINES
For an adiabatic turbine which undergoes a steady-flow
process, its inlet and exit pressures are fixed. Hence, the
idealized process for turbine is an isentropic process between
the inlet and exit pressures. The desired output from a turbine is
the work output.
Hence, the definition of isentropic efficiency of turbine is the
ratio of the actual work output of the turbine to the work output
of the turbine if the turbine undergoes an isentropic process
between the same inlet and exit pressures.
Actual turbine work
η=
Isentropic turbine work
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF COMPRESSORS
Compressors and pumps, when undergo a steady-flow process,
consume power.
The isentropic efficiency of a compressor or pump is defined as
the ratio of the work input to an isentropic process, to the work
input to the actual process between the same inlet and exit
pressures.
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 (𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝) 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
ηC = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 (𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝) 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY OF NOZZLES
Nozzles are devices used to accelerate the fluid velocity at the
cost of pressure.
The isentropic efficiency of nozzles is defined as the ratio of the
actual kinetic energy at exit to the kinetic energy at the exit
when the process is isentropic for the same inlet and exit
pressures.
The nozzle efficiency can be defined as the ratio of actual
enthalpy drop to isentropic enthalpy drop.
THE EFFECTS OF NOZZLE FRICTION ARE-

1. Reduction in enthalpy drop

2. Reheating of steam i.e., improving the quality of vapor at the
exit (WTF!!!)
3. Reduction in exit velocity
4. Increase in specific volume
5. Decrease in mass flow rate