Antibody

production
and immune
modulation
Submitted by

KARTHIKA K G
1st M Sc biotechnology
 Antibodies (Ab)
 Antibodies are globular proteins or
immunoglobulin's synthesized by a type of white
blood cell called plasma cell ,against the antigen
that stimulated its production

 The region of Ab’s that interact with antigen (Ag)

is called Para tope

 Ag-Ab interaction is
specific
Monoclonal antibody
It refers to an antibody normally recognizing
only a single antigen and within which only a
single common epitope is recognized

Polyclonal antibody
It refers to an antibody normally recognizing
only single antigen but within which different
epitopes are recognized
Production of monoclonal antibody
 They are produced in vitro by tissue culture

 They are produced by immunizing an animal
,multiple times with a specific antigen

 B cells from spleen of the immunized animals

are removed, so normal B cells are unable to
proliferate then they are fused with immortal
,cancerous B cells called myeloma cells

 Then hybridoma cells are yielded.

 All cells are placed in HAT medium (selective
media)to grow Hybridomas
 Unfused myeloma don’t grow and unfused B
cells die off
 Hybridomas grow in culture produce
antibodies
 Then it is screened for selection of mAbs
 These are grown in tissue culture, and
harvested periodically and then purified
Production of polyclonal antibody

 An antigen is injected to a lab animal

 Large amount of Ab’s are produced
 These Ab’s are harvested in antiserum
 Most antigen have multiple epitopes, so
multiple Ab’s are produced
 After injection of antigen B cells got
activated.
 Plasma B cells produce polyclonal antibodies
 Obtain antiserum from lab animal
containing polyclonal Ab’s.
 Immune modulation

It is body’s response caused by it’s immune system

being activated by antigens. They are mainly of two
types

� PRIMARY IMMUNE MODULATION

� SECONDARY IMMUNE MODULATION

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
 This occurs as a result of primary contact with
antigen

 Responding cell is naïve B cell and T cell

 Lag phase is often longer (4-7 days)

 Level of Ab’s reach at peak in 7-10 days

 Takes longer time to produce immunity

 IgM and IgG are mainly produced

 Abs level decrease rapidly and have less
affinity to Ag

 This response mainly appears in lymph

nodes and spleen

 Both t cell dependent and independent give

immune response
Secondary immune response
 Occurs by second or subsequent contact
with Ag

 Responding cell is Memory cell

 Lag phase is short (1-4days)

 Level of Ab’s reaches at peak in 3-5 days

 Mainly IgG is produced

 Ab level remain high for long

 High affinity with Ag

 Responses appear mainly in

bone marrow followed by lymph node,spleen

 T cell dependent Ag give immune response

 conclusion
❖ Ab’s production is a result of antigen-
antibody interaction, it is a defensive
mechanism provided by our body. Immune
response and antibody production depends
on the nature of Ag.
 Reference
� K.G ramawat, Shaily goyal ;comprehensive
biotechnology 4th edition;pg:430-437

� https://www.microbiologynotes.com

� https://www.infusio.org
THANK YOU