TRANSPORT PROCESSES

UNIT OPERATIONS (SEPARATION PROCESSES)

Separation processes are deals mainly with the change and transfer of
energy and materials by physical and physical – chemical means.
1. Evaporation - the removal of a volatile solvent (water) by evaporation,
from a non – volatile solute such as salt (or any other material in the
solution).
2. Drying - the volatile liquids (water) are removed by passing dry air to
the solid materials.
3. Distillation – the components of a liquid mixture are separated by
boiling because of their differences in vapor pressure.
4. Absorption - the solute in carried by the gas stream is removed by a
liquid solvent.
UNIT OPERATIONS (SEPARATION PROCESSES)
5. Membrane Separation – the solute from a fluid is separated by the diffusion of
this solute through a semi – permeable membrane to another fluid
6. Liquid – liquid Extraction – the solute in a liquid solution is removed by
contacting the with another solvent
7. Adsorption – components of a gas or a liquid is adsorbed by a solid adsorbent
8. Ion Exchange – ions in a solution are removed by an ion – exchange solid
9. Leaching – solute contained in a solid is removed by a liquid that dissolves the
solute.
10.Crystallization – the solute is removed by precipitating the solute from the
solution
11.Mechanical – physical separation – separation of liquids, solids, and gases by
means of filtration, settling, centrifugation and size reduction
Fundamentals of Transport Processes
1. Momentum Transfer
- concerned with the transfer of
momentum which occurs in
moving media, such as in in the
separation processes of fluid
flow, sedimentation, mixing and
filtration.
Fundamentals of Transport Processes
2. Heat Transfer concerned with the
transfer of heat from one place to
another, it occurs in the separation
processes of drying, evaporation,
distillation and others.
Fundamentals of Transport Processes
3. Mass Transfer
- mass is being transferred from
on phase to another distinct
phase; the basic mechanism is
the same whether the phases are
solid, liquid or gas. This includes
distillation, absorption, liquid –
liquid extraction, membrane
separation, adsorption,
crystallization and leaching.
MOMETUM TRANSFER
FLUID FLOW
Fluid mechanics is the science that
deals with the behavior of fluids at rest
or in motion, and the interaction of
fluids with solids or other fluids at the
boundaries. There is a wide variety of
fluid flow problems encountered in
practice, and it is usually convenient to
classify them on the basis of some
common characteristics to make it
feasible to study them in groups.
FLUIDS
Fluids are substances that
deforms continuously under the
influence of a shear stress, no
matter how small.

No – slip condition a fluid in direct

contact with a solid “sticks” to the
surface due to viscous effects, and
there is no slip.
FLUIDS

The flow region adjacent to the wall

in which the viscous effects (and
thus the velocity gradients) are
significant is called the boundary
layer.

Another consequence of the no-slip condition is the surface drag, which is

the force a fluid exerts on a surface in the flow direction.
FLUIDS

The flow region adjacent to the wall

in which the viscous effects (and
thus the velocity gradients) are
significant is called the boundary
layer.
FLUIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOW

A. Viscous versus Inviscid Flow

Flows in which the frictional effects

are significant are called viscous
flows.

The region of flow unaffected by the

presence of the plate is the inviscid
flow region.
FLUIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOW

B. Internal versus External Flow

The flow of an unbounded fluid over

a surface such as a plate, a wire, or a
pipe is external flow.

The flow in a pipe or duct is internal

flow if the fluid is completely
bounded by solid surfaces.
FLUIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOW
C. Compressible versus Incompressible
Incompressibility is an approximation,
and a flow is said to be incompressible
if the density remains nearly constant
throughout. (generally liquids)
Gases, on the other hand, are highly
compressible.
Flow speed is often expressed in terms
of the dimensionless Mach
Number defined as:
𝑉 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
Ma = =
𝑐 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
where c is the speed of sound =
346 m/s in air at room temperature
at sea level
Sonic flow (Ma = 1.0)
Subsonic flow (Ma < 1.0)
Supersonic flow (Ma > 1.0)
Hypersonic flow (Ma >> 1.0)
FLUIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOW
D. Laminar flow versus Turbulent flow
• The highly ordered fluid motion
characterized by smooth layers of fluid is
called laminar. (i.e flow of high -
viscosity fluids - like oils - at low
velocities)
• The highly disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high velocities and is
characterized by velocity fluctuations is
called turbulent. (i.e. low – viscosity
fluids such as air)
• A flow that alternates between being
laminar and turbulent is called
transitional.
FLUIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOW
The experiments conducted by Osborn Reynolds resulted in the establishment
of the dimensionless Reynolds number, Re, as the key parameter for the
determination of the flow regime in pipes.

𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝐷𝑣𝜌

Re = =
𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜇

where D = diameter
v = velocity Laminar flow: Re < 2100
𝜌 = density Transitional flow: 2100 < Re < 4200
𝜇 = viscosity Turbulent flow: Re < 4200
FLUIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID FLOW
D. Natural versus Forced flow
• In forced flow, a fluid is forced
to flow over a surface or in a
pipe by external means such as
a pump or a fan.
• In natural flows, any fluid
motion is due to natural means
such as the buoyancy effect,
which manifests itself as the rise
of the warmer (and thus lighter)
fluid and the fall of cooler (and
thus denser).
E. Natural versus Forced flow
• The term steady implies no
change at a point with time.
• In fluid mechanics, unsteady is
the most general term that
applies to any flow that is not
steady, but transient is typically
used for developing flows.
• The term uniform implies no
change with location over a
specified region.
FLUIDS
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Intensive Properties Extensive Properties

Intensive properties are those that Extensive properties are those whose
are independent of the mass of a values depend on the size—or
system, such as temperature, extent—of the system. (i.e. mass,
pressure, and density. volume and momentum)
Continuum
• The continuum idealization allows us to treat properties as point functions and
to assume that the properties vary continually in space with no jump
discontinuities.
• The continuum idealization is implicit in many statements we make, such as “the
density of water in a glass is the same at any point.”
FLUIDS
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Intensive Properties Extensive Properties

Intensive properties are those that Extensive properties are those whose
are independent of the mass of a values depend on the size—or
system, such as temperature, extent—of the system. (i.e. mass,
pressure, and density. volume and momentum)
Continuum
• The continuum idealization allows us to treat properties as point functions and
to assume that the properties vary continually in space with no jump
discontinuities.
• The continuum idealization is implicit in many statements we make, such as “the
density of water in a glass is the same at any point.”
FLUIDS
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Density (ρ) is its mass per unit volume:
𝑚 𝑃 (𝑀𝑀)
ρ= ρ=
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
Specific Volume (ν) is the volume per unit mass:
1
ν=
ρ
Specific Weight (Ƴ) of any substance is the force of
gravity in unit volume:
𝐹
Ƴ=
v
Specific Gravity:
ρ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
spec. gravity =
ρ𝑟𝑒𝑓
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
VAPOR PRESSURE AND CAVITATION

• Saturation temperature (Tsat) is the

temperature at which the pure substance
changes phase at a given pressure.
• Saturated pressure (Psat) is the pressure at
which a substance changes phase given the
temperature.
• Vapor pressure (Pv) of a pure substance is
defined as the pressure exerted by its vapor
in phase equilibrium with its liquid at a given • Cavitation is the formation of
temperature. Vapor pressure turns out to be cavitation bubbles due to a
identical to the saturation pressure. sudden drop in temperature.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY (κ)
Coefficient of compressibility also known as the bulk modulus of elasticity.
Fluid contracts fluid contracts when more pressure is applied on it and
expands when the pressure acting on it is reduced.

Isothermal compressibility is the inverse of the coefficient of compressibility.

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME EXPANSION (β)
Coefficient of volume expansion (volume expansivity) represents the
variation of density of a fluid with temperature at constant pressure.

Isothermal compressibility is the inverse of the coefficient of compressibility.

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
COMBINED EFFECT
Then the fractional change in volume (or density) due to changes in pressure and
temperature can be expressed approximately as:
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
VISCOSITY

Viscosity is a property that

represents the internal resistance of a
fluid to motion also known as
“fluidity”. It is the ratio of shear stress
and shear rate.
Drag force is the force a flowing fluid
exerts on a body in the flow
direction.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
VISCOSITY (μ)

Absolute viscosity and shear

viscosity are synonymous with
viscosity.
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of
viscosity to density. (units: m2 /s)
μ
ύ=
ρ
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
A 6 cm diameter sphere is tested in water at 20˚C and a velocity of 3
m/s and has a measured drag of 6 Newton. What will be the velocity
and drag force of a 2 meter diameter weather balloon moving in air at
20˚Cand 1 atm under similar conditions?
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Water at 60˚F plans at 12 fps in a 6 inch pipe. At what velocity must
medium fuel oil at 90˚F (ύ = 3.19x10^-5 ft/s) flow in a 3 inch pipe for
the two flows to be dynamically similar.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
A one – twentieth scale model of the submarine is tested at 200 ft/s in
a wind tunnel using sea level standard air (ρ = 0.00234, μ = 3.78x10^-7
lb/ft - s). What is the prototype speed in sea water at 20˚C (ρ = 2, , μ =
2.23x10^-3) for dynamic similarity? If the model drag is 1 lbf, what is
the prototype drag?
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
RHEOLOGY

Viscoelastic fluids exhibit both viscous and

elastic properties.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
FLUIDS
RHEOLOGY
Purely
Viscoelastic
viscous

Time – Time -
dependent independent
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
RHEOLOGY

Rheology is the discipline of fluid mechanics

which studies the relationship between fluid
deformation and stress.
Purely viscous fluids are fluids that do not have
solid – like elastic behavior.
• Time - independent fluids the shear stress
depends only on the instantaneous shear
rate.
• Time - dependent fluids depends on the
history of the rate of deformation.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
RHEOLOGY

Viscoelastic fluids exhibit both viscous and

elastic properties.