TYPES OF BOILERS

Name : Jaskaran singh

Reg no. 11700154
Date of seminar: 20-11-2018
Department of mechanical engineering
DAV UNIVERSITY
 What is boiler ?

A boiler may be define as a closed

vessel in which steam is produced
from water by combustion of fuel.
 Purpose of generating steam
• For generating power in steam
engines and steam turbines.
• For performing certain processes in
the sugar miles , chemical and textile
industries.
• For the heating of industrial
buildings.
 PROPERTIES OF BOILERS
• Safety : the boiler should be safe under the
operating conditions.
• Accessibility : Various parts of boilers should be
accessible for cleaning repair and inspection.
• Capacity: It should be capable of generating
steam according to the requirement.
• Efficiency : It should produce maximum amount
of steam at minimum expenses.
• Should be simple in construction
• The initial and maintenances cost should be low
 BOILER TERMS
• Boiler Shell
• It is made up of steel plates bent into cylindrical form and riveted or
welded together. The ends of the shell are closed by means of end plates.
A boiler shell should have sufficient capacity to contain water and steam.

• Combustion Chamber
• It is the space, generally below the boiler shell, meant for burning fuel in
order to produce steam from the water contained in the shell.
•
Grate
• It is a platform, in the combustion chamber, upon which fuel (coal, wood)
is burnt. The grate generally consists of cast iron bars which are spaced
apart so that air (required for combustion) can pass through them. The
surface area of the grate, over which the fire takes place is called grate
surface.
• Furnace
• It is the space, above the grate and below the boiler shell, in which the
fuel actually burnt. The furnace is also called fire box.

• Heating Surface
• It is that part of the boiler surface, which is exposed to the fire (or hot
gases from the fire)

• Mountings
• These are the fittings which are mounted on the boiler for its proper and
safe functioning. They include water level indicator, pressure gauge,
safety valve etc. It may be noted that a boiler cannot function safely
without the mountings.

• Accessories
• These are the devices, which form an integral part of a boiler, but are not
mounted on it. They include superheat, economizer, feed pump etc. It
may be noted that the accessories help in controlling and running the
boiler efficiency.
 TYPES OF BOILERS
Boilers are classified into
two categories :-
1. Water tube boilers
2. Fire tube boiler
 WATER TUBE BOILER
• In this the water is inside the tubes and and
hot gases surrounds them
• Example :- Babcock and Wilcox
 FIRE TUBE BOILER
• The hot gases are inside the tubes and the
water surrounds the tubes
• Examples :- cochran, lancashire, locomotive
etc .
S.
N Fire tube boiler
o
In Fire-tube boilers hot flue gases pass through In Water-tube boilers water passes through tubes
1 tubes and water surrounds them.
2 These are operated at low pressures up to 20 bar.
The rate of steam generation and quality of
3 steam are very low, therefore, not suitable for
power generation.
4 It requires more floor area for a given output.
5 These are bulky and difficult to transport.
6 Overall efficiency is up to 75%.
The drum size is large and damage caused by
7 bursting is large.
Simple in design, easy to erect and low
8 maintenance cost.
Even less skill operators are sufficient for efficient
9 operation.
The treatment of feed water is not very essential,
10 as overheating due to scale formation cannot
burst thick shell.
Water tube boiler
and hot flue gasses surround them.
The working pressure is high enough, up to 250
bar in super critical boilers.
The rate of steam generation and quality of
steam are better and suitable for power
generation.
It requires less floor area for a given output
These are light in weight, hence transportation is
not a problem.
Overall efficiency with an economizer is up to
90%.
If any water tube is damaged, it can be easily
replaced or repaired.
Complex, design, difficult to erect and high
maintenance cost.
Skilled operators are required for operation.
Treatment of feed water is very essential as small
scale deposits inside the tubes can cause
overheating and bursting.
TYPES OF WATER TUBE BOILER
• COCHARAN BOILER :
• Working pressure : 6.5-14bar
• Steam capacity : 3500 kg/hr
• Efficiency : 70 to 75%
 LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
• Max working pressure : 14 bar
• Steam capacity : 9000kg/hr
• Efficiency : 70%
• No. of super heated tubes : 38
• No. of ordinary tubes : 116
Advantages of Fire Tube Boiler:

• Its construction is compact

• Fire tube boiler is easy to use, clean and
maintain
• It can be easily used in small scale industries
• Fire tube boiler is relatively cheaper than
water tube boiler
 Disadvantages of Fire Tube
Boiler:
• Steam output pressure cannot be very high since
the water and steam are enclosed in the same
vessel
• The steam received from the fire tube boiler is
not very dry
• If a large amount of hot water and steam gets
accumulated inside the boiler, then a leakage
could occur which may prove to be very
dangerous
• The fire tube boiler cannot produce steam at a
pressure higher than 16 bar
 WATER TUBE BOILER
• Babcock and wilcox water –tube boiler
• Working pressure : 40 BAR
• Steaming capacity : 40000kg/hr (max)
• Efficiency : 60 to 80%
HIGH PRESSURE BOILERS

A boiler is called a high-pressure boiler when

it operates with a steam pressure above 80
bars.
The high-pressure boilers are widely used for
power generation in thermal power plants.
 FEATURE OF HIGH PRESSURE
BOILERS
• Forced circulation of water – in all modern high-pressure boilers, the force
circulation of water is maintained with the help of pumps. It increases the help of
pumps. It raises the mean temperature of heat addition and evaporation capacity
if the boiler.
• Large number of small diameter tubes – the surface-area-to-volume-ratio (area
density) increases with the use of small-diameter tubes. It helps in a high rate of
the heat transfer to water flowing inside the tubes. Therefore, a large number of
small density tubes in a zigzag manner are used for water circulation in forced
circulation. Further, use of a short tube reduces the pressure loss and gives the
better control the quality of steam.
• Improved mode of heating – the high-pressure boilers use the following methods
for improved heat transfer rate:
– Evaporative of water above the critical pressure of steam.
– Heating of water by mixing superheated steam for high heat transfer rate.
– Increasing the combustion of air velocity over the tube.
 ADVANTAGES OF HIGH
PRESSURE BOILER
• High-pressure boilers use the forced circulation of water
which ensures the positive circulation of water and
increased evaporative capacity.
• They require less heat of vaporization.
• They are compact and thus require less floor space.
• Due to the high velocity of water, the tendency of scale
formation is minimized.
• All parts are uniformly heated and the danger of
overheating is minimized.
• The plant efficiency is increased.
• With the use of high-pressure boilers, the steam generation
is economical.