Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Contemporary Management, 5/e
Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
10-3
Organizational Structure
• Organizational Architecture
– The organizational structure, control
systems, culture, and human resource
management systems that together
determine how
efficiently and
effectively
organizational
resources are used.
10-4
Designing Organizational Structure
• Organizing
– The process by which managers establish
working relationships among employees to
achieve goals.
• Organizational Structure
– Formal system of task and reporting
relationships showing how workers use
resources.
10-5
Designing Organizational Structure
• Organizational design
– The process by which managers create a
specific type of organizational structure and
culture so that a company can operate in
the most efficient and effective way
10-6
Factors Affecting Organizational Structure
10-8
The Organizational Environment
Strategy
– Different strategies require the use of
different structures.
• A differentiation strategy needs a flexible
structure, low cost may need a more
formal structure.
• Increased vertical integration or
diversification also requires a more
flexible structure.
10-9
The Organizational Environment
Technology
– The combination of skills, knowledge, tools,
equipment, computers and machines used
in the organization.
– More complex technology makes it harder
for managers to
regulate the
organization.
10-10
The Organizational Environment
Technology
– Technology can be measured by:
• Task variety: the number of new
problems a manager encounters.
• Task analyzability: the availability of
programmed solutions to a manager to
solve problems.
10-11
The Organizational Environment
Human Resources
– Highly skilled workers whose jobs require
working in teams usually need a more
flexible structure.
– Higher skilled workers (e.g., CPA’s and
doctors) often have internalized professional
norms and values.
10-12
The Organizational Environment
• Human Resources
– Managers must take into account all four
factors (environment, strategy, technology
and human resources) when designing the
structure of the organization.
10-13
The Organizational Environment
10-14
Job Design
• Job Design
– The process by which managers decide
how to divide tasks into specific jobs.
– The appropriate division of labor results in
an effective and efficient workforce.
10-15
Job Design
• Job Simplification
– The process of reducing the tasks each
worker performs.
• Too much simplification and boredom
results.
10-16
Job Design
• Job Enlargement
– Increasing the number of different tasks in a
given job by changing the division of labor
• Job Enrichment
– Increasing the degree of responsibility a
worker has over a job
10-17
Job Enrichment
10-18
The Job Characteristics Model
Job Characteristic
Skill variety Employee uses a wide range of skills.
10-20
Grouping Jobs into Functions
• Function
– Group of people, working together, who
possess similar skills or use the same kind
of knowledge, tools, or techniques to
perform their jobs
10-21
Grouping Jobs into Functions
• Functional Structure
– An organizational structure composed of all
the departments that an organization
requires to produce its goods or services.
10-22
Functional Structure
• Advantages
– Encourages learning from others doing
similar jobs.
– Easy for managers to monitor and evaluate
workers.
– Allows managers to create the set of
functions they need in order to scan and
monitor the competitive environment
10-23
Functional Structure
• Disadvantages
– Difficult for departments to communicate
with others.
– Preoccupation with own department and
losing sight of organizational goals.
10-24
The
Functional
Structure of
Pier 1
Imports
Figure10.3 10-25
Divisional Structures
• Divisional Structure
– Managers create a series of business units
to produce a specific kind of product for a
specific kind of customer
10-26
Product,
Market, and
Geographic
Structures
• Product Structure
– Managers place each distinct product line or
business in its own self-contained division
– Divisional managers have the responsibility
for devising an appropriate business-level
strategy to allow the division to compete
effectively in its industry
10-28
Product Structure
10-29
Types of Divisional Structures
• Geographic Structure
– Divisions are broken down by geographic
location
• Global geographic structure
– Managers locate different divisions in each of
the world regions where the organization
operates.
– Generally, occurs when managers are
pursuing a multi-domestic strategy
10-30
Types of Divisional Structures
10-31
Global Geographic and
Global Product Structures
Figure 10.5
10-32
Types of Divisional Structures
• Market Structure
– Groups divisions according to the particular
kinds of customers they serve
– Allows managers to be responsive to the
needs of their customers and act flexibly in
making decisions in response to customers’
changing needs
10-33
Matrix Design Structure
• Matrix Structure
– An organizational structure that
simultaneously groups people and
resources by function and product.
• Results in a complex network of superior-
subordinate reporting relationships.
• The structure is very flexible and can respond
rapidly to the need for change.
• Each employee has two bosses (functional
manager and product manager) and possibly
cannot satisfy both.
10-34
Matrix Structure
Figure 10.6
10-35
Product Team Design Structure
10-36
Product Team Design Structure
10-37
Product Team Structure
• Hybrid Structure
– The structure of a large organization that
has many divisions and simultaneously
uses many different organizational
structures
10-39
Federated’s Hybrid Structure
Figure 10.7
10-40
Coordinating Functions:
Allocating Authority
• Authority
– The power vested in a manager to make
decisions and use resources to achieve
organizational goals by virtue of his position
in an organization
10-41
Coordinating Functions:
Allocating Authority
• Hierarchy of Authority
– An organization’s chain of command,
specifying the relative authority of each
manager.
• Span of Control: the number of
subordinates who report directly to a
manager
10-42
Allocating Authority
• Line Manager
– Someone in the direct line or chain of
command who has formal authority over
people and resources
• Staff Manager
– Managers who are functional-area
specialists that give advice to line
managers.
10-43
The
Hierarchy
of Authority
and Span
of Control
at
McDonald’s
Corporatio
n
Figure 10.8
10-44
Tall and Flat Organizations
10-45
Tall Organizations
Figure 10.9
10-46
Tall and Flat Organizations
10-47
Flat Organizations
Figure 10.9
10-48
Minimum Chain of Command
10-49
Centralization and Decentralization of
Authority
• Decentralizing authority
– giving lower-level managers and non-
managerial employees the right to make
important decisions about how to use
organizational resources
10-50
Decentralizing Authority
• Disadvantages
– Teams may begin to pursue their own goals
at the expense of organizational goals
– Can result in a lack of communication
among divisions
10-51
Integrating Mechanisms
Figure 10.10
10-52
Organizational Culture
• Organizational culture
– shared set of beliefs, expectations, values,
and norms that influence how members of
an organization relate to one another and
cooperate to achieve organizational goals
10-53
Sources of an Organization’s Culture
Figure 10.11
10-54
Characteristics of Organizational
Members
10-55
Organizational Ethics
• Organizational Ethics
– moral values, beliefs, and rules that
establish the appropriate way for an
organization and its members to deal with
each other and people outside the
organization
10-56
Employment Relationship
10-57
Organizational Structure
• In a centralized organization:
– people have little autonomy
– norms that focus on being cautious, obeying
authority, and respecting traditions emerge
– predictability and stability are desired goals
10-58
Organizational Structure
10-59
Strong, Adaptive Cultures Versus
Weak, Inert Cultures
• Adaptive cultures
– values and norms help an organization to
build momentum and to grow and change
as needed to achieve
its goals and be
effective
10-60
Strong, Adaptive Cultures Versus
Weak, Inert Cultures
• Inert cultures
– Those that lead to values and norms that
fail to motivate or inspire employees
– Lead to stagnation and often failure over
time
10-61