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UVOD

Proizvodnja betona
Beton je građevinski proizvod sastavljen od
agregata, cementa (veziva), vode i dodataka
betonu.
Beton se proizvodi prema unaprijed definisanoj
recepturi koja treba da bude potvrđena probnim
testiranjem.
Beton se proizvodi u fabrici betona koja mora da
zadovolji propisane standardne uslove.
Proces betonskih radova obuhvata više operacija.
Nakon spravljanja vrši se transport, ugradnja,
njega betona, do skidanja oplate.
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 KOMPONENTE BETONA - CEMENT

Cement - raw materials (sirovine)

1- Calcareous rocks (CaCO3 > 75% such as limestone, marl)

2- Argillaceous* rocks (CaCO3 < 40% such as clay and shale),
3- Argillocalcareous rocks (40-75% CaCO3 such as clayey
limestone, clayey marl).
•Materials for Portland cement production must contain, in
proper form and proportions, lime, silica and alumina.
* Argillaceous minerals are minerals containing substantial amounts
of clay-like components Argillaceous components are fine-grained (less
than 2 µm) aluminosilicates, and more particularly clay minerals such
as kaolinite, montmorillonite-smectite, illite,
and chlorite. Claystone and shales are thus predominantly argillaceous.

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KOMPONENTE BETONA - CEMENT

Chemical Composition of Portland

Cements

The raw materials used in the manufacture of

Portland cement consist mainly of lime, silica,
alumina and iron oxide.
The oxides account for over 90% of the cement.
The oxide composition of (ordinary) Portland
cement may be expressed as follows:

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KOMPONENTE BETONA - CEMENT

Main Chemical Compounds of Portland Cement

•Oxides interact with each other and form more complex

compounds. The measurement of the amount of these
major compounds by conventional chemical methods is
not possible.
•Portland cements are composed of four basic
chemical compounds shown with their names,
chemical formulas, and abbreviations:
Tricalcium silicate = 3CaO·SiO2 = C3S
Dicalcium silicate = 2CaO·SiO2 = C2S
Tricalcium aluminate = 3CaO. Al2O3 = C3A
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite = 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 =C4AF
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 KOMPONENTE BETONA - CEMENT

Standardi za cement (EN)

EN 197-1 - Cement - Part 1: Composition, specifications and
conformity criteria for common cements

EN 196-1, Methods of testing cement - Part 1: Determination of

strength.
EN 196-2, Methods of testing cement - Part 2: Chemical analysis of
cement.
EN 196-3, Methods of testing cement - Part 3: Determination of
setting time and soundness.
EN 196-5, Methods of testing cement - Part 5: Pozzolanicity test for
pozzolanic cements.
EN 196-6, Methods of testing cement - Part 6: Determination of
fineness.
EN 196-7, Methods of testing cement - Part 7: Methods of taking and
preparing samples of cement. 8
 KOMPONENTE BETONA - CEMENT

Sastojci cementa (Constituents) - EN 197-1

Portland cement clinker (K)

Granulated blastfurnace slag (S)
Pozzolanic materials (P, Q)
Natural pozzolana (P)
Natural calcined pozzolana (Q)
Fly ashes (V, W) - may be siliceous or calcareous, in nature
Burnt shale (T)
Limestone (L, LL)
Silica fume (D)

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 KOMPONENTE BETONA - CEMENT

Fly ashes (V, W)

Fly ash may be siliceous or calcareous in nature.
Siliceous fly ash (V)
Siliceous fly ash is a fine powder of mostly spherical particles having
pozzolanic
properties. It consists essentially of reactive silicon dioxide (SiO2) and
aluminium oxide
(Al2O3). The remainder contains iron oxide (Fe2O3) and other
compounds.
Calcareous fly ash (W)
Calcareous fly ash is a fine powder, having hydraulic and/or
pozzolanic properties. It consists essentially of reactive calcium oxide
(CaO), reactive silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3). The
remainder contains iron oxide (Fe2O3) and other compounds.
The proportion of reactive calcium oxide shall not be less than 10,0 %
by mass. Calcareous fly ash containing between 10,0 % and 15,0 %
by mass of reactive calcium oxide shall contain not less than 25,0 %
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by mass of reactive silicon dioxide.
 KOMPONENTE BETONA - CEMENT
Limestone (L, LL)

Limestone shall meet the following requirements:

a) The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content calculated from
the calcium oxide content shall be at least 75 % by mass.
b) The clay content, determined by the methylene blue test
in accordance with EN 933-9, shall not exceed 1,20 g/100
g. For this test the limestone shall be ground to a fineness
of approximately 5000 cm2/g determined as specific
surface in accordance with EN 196-6.
c) The total organic carbon (TOC) content, when tested in
accordance with prEN 13639:1999, shall conform to one of
the following criteria:
- LL: shall not exceed 0,20 % by mass;
- L: shall not exceed 0,50 % by mass 11
 KOMPONENTE BETONA - CEMENT

The 27 products in the family of common cements, covered

by EN 197-1, and their notation are given in Table 1.

They are grouped into five main cement types as follows:

- CEM I Portland cement

- CEM II Portland-composite cement
- CEM III Blastfurnace cement
- CEM IV Pozzolanic cement
- CEM V Composite cement

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Nastavak tabele 1

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Označavanje cementa

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Physical Properties of Cement

Fineness:
•The reaction between the water and cement starts on the
surface of the cement particles. So the greater the surface
area of a given volume of cement the greater the hydration.
A fine cement will develop strength and generate heat
more quickly than a coarse cement.

•The measurement of fineness:

Defined as specific surface and is expressed as surface

area of the grains in a sample per mass of that sample.
Usually it is in the range 350-380 m2/kg.

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Hydration:

•The chemical combination of cement and water

known as hydration produces a very hard and
strong binding medium for the aggregate particles
in the concrete.

•At the end of hydration normally a heat is

liberated which is expressed as cal/gr.

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HYDRATION

•In normal construction where the sizes of the structural

members are not so large, the dissipation of this heat
creates no problems.
•On cold weather concreting, this heat is advantageous.
•But in hot weather and in mass concrete construction, this
generated heat may cause thermal cracks, and should be
avoided.

The process of hydration in the cement can be determined

by the measurement of;
•the amount of Ca(OH)2 in the paste,
•the heat evolved by hydration,
•the specific gravity of the unhydrated cement paste,
•the amount of chemically combined water,
•the amount of unhydrated cement paste. 22
Measuring Heat of hydration of cement.

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Setting of cement

The beginning of noticeable stiffening in the

cement paste is known as the initial set.
•The final hardening process which is responsible
for its strength known as the final set.
•The time from the addition of the water to the
initial and final set are known as the setting times.

•Setting time is affected by: cement composition,

cement fineness, rate of hydration, and the
ambient temperature.
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Measurement of Setting Time of Cement

Vicat’s Aparat

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Physical – Mechanical Properties of Cement
Strength:
•The strength of hardened cement is its most important
property.
•The rate of hardening of cement depends on the
chemical and physical properties of the cement, the curing
conditions and the water/cement ratio.

Soundness:
•Soundness is a physical property of cement paste, which
determines the ability of the cement paste to retain its
volume after setting is completed.
•The unsoundness is due to the presence of free CaO
(lime) and free MgO (magnesia) in cement.
•These constituents hydrate very slowly after setting of
cement. Since Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 occupy larger
volume, expansion takes place. 26
AGREGAT
EN standardi za agregat -

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AGREGATI ZA BETON EN 12620:2002+A1
MEST EN 12620:2015

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Coarse aggregates

All coarse aggregates shall comply with the general grading

requirements specified in Table 2 appropriate to their size
designation d/D and the selected categories from Table 2.

For graded coarse aggregates where:

a) D > 11,2 mm and D/d > 2; or
b) D ≤ 11,2 mm and D/d > 4,
the following additional requirements (i) and (ii) shall apply for the
percentage passing the mid-size sieve:
i) all gradings shall comply with the overall limits given in Table 3;
ii) the producer shall document and, on request, declare the typical
grading passing the mid-size sieve and tolerances selected from the
categories in Table 3.

For single size coarse aggregates where:

a) D > 11,2 mm and D/d ≤ 2; or
b) D ≤ 11,2 mm and D/d ≤ 4,
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there shall be no requirements additional to those specified in Table 2.
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Fine aggregate

 Fine aggregates shall comply with the general grading requirements specified in
Table 2 appropriate to their upper sieve size D.
 The following additional requirements shall be applied to control the variability of
the fine aggregate.
 The producer shall document and, on request, declare the typical grading for
each fine aggregate size produced.
 Typical grading is expressed as the percentage by mass of aggregate passing
through the sieve sizes specified in Table 4.
 NOTE Recommendations for the classification of coarseness of the fine
aggregate are given in annex B (Tables B.1 and B.2)
 Fine aggregates in regular satisfactory use for most applications shall comply
with the requirements specified in Table 4. When specified for special uses and
cases where the variability of grading is reduced, the grading tolerances shall
be applied in accordance with annex C.

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FINE AGGREGATE

Sand and/or
crushed stone

< 4 (5) mm
F.A. content usually
35% to 45% by
mass or volume of
total aggregate
MEST EN 933-1:2012

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VRSTE BETONA MEST EN 206:2015

Prema težini
• Normalne težine (obični) 2000-2600 kg/m3
• Laki betoni 800-2000 kg/m3
• Teški betoni >2600 kg/m3
Laki betoni se dobijaju korišćenjem lakih
agregata, uvlačenjem vazduha u cementnu masu
ili pomoću ispuna (stiropor i sl.).
Teški betoni se dobijaju korišćenjem teških
agregata (barit, magnetit ...) i služe za zaštitu od
zračenja.

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VRSTE BETONA MEST EN 206

Prema tehničkim uslovima

• Projektovani beton (zadavanjem svojstava)
• Beton zadatog sastava
• Normirani beton zadatog sastava
Porodica betona predstavlja grupu betonskih
kompozicija sa pouzdano utvrđenim vezama između
bitnih svojstava (npr. količina cementa, čvrstoća pri
pritisku itd).
Svojstva svježeg betona specificira izvođač ili su
prethodno specificirana u projektu konstrukcije.
Svojstva očvrslog betona se specificiraju u projektu
konstrukcije (Projektu betona). Obavezno s specificira
klasa čvrstoće pri pritisku, a ostala svojstva po
potrebi. (otpornost na cikluse odmrzavanja i
zamrzavanja, vodonepropusnost itd.)
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ALKALI-SILICA REACTION (ASR)
Visual Symptoms
Network of cracks
Closed or spalled joints
Relative displacements
VRSTE BETONA MEST EN 206: 2015
MEST EN 12350 (1-6)

Prema konzistenciji (klase konzistencije)

• Prema slijeganju klase su S1-S5 (MEST EN 12350-2)
• Stepen zbijenosti C0-C4 (MEST EN 12350-4)
• Prečnik rasprostiranja F1-F6 (MEST EN 12350-5)

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MEST EN 206: 2015
MEST EN 12350 (1-6)

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KLASE ZA SAMOUGRAĐUJUĆI MEST EN 206: 2015
BETON SCC MEST EN 12350 (1-6)

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KLASE ZA SAMOUGRAĐUJUĆI MEST EN 206: 2015
BETON SCC MEST EN 12350(10-12)

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KLASE ČVRSTOĆE BETONA

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 VRSTE BETONA
Prema posebnim postupcima transporta i ugradnje
(koji se uobičajeno koriste u visokogradnji)

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Betoni koji se uobičajeno ne koriste za objekte visokogradnje.

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 VRSTE BETONA PREMA MJESTU PROIZVODNJE

• Beton proizveden u fabrici betona

• Beton proizveden u pogonu za izradu prefabrikovanih
elemenata
• Beton proizveden na gradilištu

VRSTE BETONA PREMA UPOTREBI ARMATURE

• Nearmirani beton
• Armirani beton uz upotrebu samo klasične armature
• Prethodno napregnuti beton (beton koji je ojačan čelikom
za prethodno naprezanje, a sadrži i klasičnu armaturu)

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DODACI BETONU

Mineralni dodaci
• Tip I: Punila (fileri), pigmenti
• Tip II: Leteći pepeo, silikatna prašina
Hemijski dodaci

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TEHNOLOGIJA BETONSKIH RADOVA

Tehnološki postupak betonskih radova obuhvata sljedeće

faze:
• Dopremanje i skladištenje sastojaka betona
• Doziranje i miješanje komponenti
• Spoljašnji transport
• Gradilišni transport
• Ugradnja
• Završna obrada slobodne površine betona
• Njegovanje betona

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ŠEMATSKI PRIKAZ FAZA PROIZVODNJE BETONA

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FABRIKE BETONA

Stacionarne
Polustacionarne
Pokretne

Stacionarna fabrika
betona

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KARTA TEHNOLOŠKOG PROCESA ZA PROIZVODNJU BETONA

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 KARTA
PROCESA ZA
PROIZVODNJU
ELEMENATA U
NEPOKRETNIM
KALUPIMA

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