FABRICATION OF

REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE

-PRESENTED BY,

Amita Panicker
(IV year)
A Denture is an artificial substitute for missing natural teeth
and adjacent tissues.

Removable partial denture is defined as any prosthesis that

replaces some teeth in a partially dentate arch.
Steps in fabrication of a REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE:

1- Diagnosis
2- Treatment planning
3- Pre-prosthetic procedures
4- Making primary impression and cast
5- Designing the prosthesis
6- Prosthetic mouth preparation
7- Final impression and making of master cast
8- Fabricating a framework
9- Framework Try-in
10- Fabricating the trial prosthesis
11- Try-in of trial denture
12- Processing of trial denture
13- Denture insertion
 FRAMEWORK FABRICATION
The framework is fabricated after recording the final impressions and is essential for other
procedures like preparing occlusal rims, jaw relations, etc.

1) Wax-up
2) Duplication and fabrication of refractory cast
3) Waxing
4) spruing
5) Investing
6) Burn out
7) Casting
8) Finishing and polishing
 1) WAX-UP PROCEDURE
-all the procedures done to the master cast prior to duplication
-contours of the master cast are altered

Design Transfer
-Conveying the outline of the proposed prosthesis from the diagnostic cast to the
master cast (done with a surveyor)

Marking the height of the contour

*the tripod marks of the primary cast are transferred to the master cast
*master cast repositioned on the surveyor
*survey lines drawn on the abutment teeth
 Measuring the undercut

Drawing the clasps

*such that the retentive terminal descends into the infrabulge area
Drawing the denture base, rests and connectors
Block out OR Wax out

-Elimination of the undesirable undercut areas

master cast coated with a sealer (protective film)

wax added to the area to be blocked

trimmed parallel to the path of placement

PARALLEL BLOCK OUT ARBITRARY BLOCK OUT SHAPED BLOCK OUT

Wax filled to the undercuts below Wax filled to the soft tissues and Done in the undercut of the
the height of contour other unwanted undercuts in the primary abutment along the
cast lower border of the proposed
retentive arm

Wax is not trimmed rather is filled in

excess – produces a projecting surface
forming ledge in refractory cast – easy
placement of retentive clasp patterns
Relief

- elimination of undesirable pressure from a specific region under denture base

- it involves addition of wax – make framework stand away from master cast
Beading

- scoring a cast with a sharp instrument to provide seal between

finished prosthesis and the soft tissue
- the resultant framework will have elevated borders
 2) DUPLICATION AND FABRICATION OF REFRACTORY CAST
-the procedure of accurately reproducing a cast
-Duplicating material : Agar , alginate , silicones

Duplicators Duplicating flasks

The duplicating flask with the cast is placed below the dispensing nozzle on the horizontal platform
of the duplicator during duplication procedure.
Immerse the cast in slurry water 4 min prior to duplication

agar cut into small pieces

agar heated in the storage bath of duplicator

The nozzle is opened till the agar from the
storage unit fills the entire reservoir ring of
the flask
A jet of cold air can be blown at the junction of the cast for the set
duplicating material to loosen and remove the cast embedded in the
duplicating medium
- investment material used for making
refractory cast depends on the alloy to cast for
fabricating the cast partial denture

- gypsum-bonded investments used for

type IV gold alloys
- phosphate-bonded investments used for base
metal alloys (Co-Cr)
 3) WAXING
-fabricating the wax pattern for the framework
A. Prefabricated clasp patterns
B. Prefabricated denture base
minor connectors
C. Wax sheets and bars
 4) SPRUING
- A Sprue is a channel through which plastic or metal is poured into a
gate or reservoir and then into a mould.
- A Sprue former is a wax, plastic or metal pattern used to form the
channel allowing molten metal to flow into the mould to make a casting.

Types of Sprue:
1) Single sprue (limited to maxillary frameworks with palatal plate)
2) multiple sprue (most often used; main sprue : 8-12 gauge
auxiliary sprue : 12-18 gauge)
Procedure:

cast base is trimmed to 12 mm thickness and a 9 mm hole is drilled through the cast
centrally on a line joining the distal ends of the major connector

a thick roll of baseplate wax is inserted into hole till it extends 10 mm above the tissue
surface of the cast

the auxiliary sprues are attached 5 mm below the tip of the main sprue and the sprue joints
should be well rounded
 5) INVESTING

Purpose:
1) provides required strength to withstand forces from the entry of molten metal till it solidifies
2) provides an escape route for gases entrapped in mould space by the entering molten metal
3) provides compensation for casting shrinkage of metal

Procedure:
a casting ring liner soaked in water is used to line the inner surface of the casting ring
(facilitates transverse expansion of the investment)

place the waxed refractory cast in the ring

make a fresh mix of investment in a vacuum mechanical mixer and pour the investment
slowly until it completely fills the ring

allow the investment to set for an hour

 6) BURN OUT
- the removal of wax from the mould, usually by heat
- the mould should be placed in the furnace with the sprue hole down
- For low-heat gypsum bonded investments, the mould should be heated slowly to
temperature of 1250°F (680°C) over a period of 2 hrs

Purpose:

1) removes moisture from the mould

2) eliminates wax pattern
3) expands the mould to compensate for casting shrinkage of the metal
 7) CASTING
-Induction casting machine is most commonly used for RPD.
(metal is heated electrically instead of using a flame)

a. Casting ring with mould

b. Crucible where metal is heated
c. Weights for counter balance
d. Heating element (copper coil)
-Procedure:

After burn out, the mould is placed in the casting machine and the balance of casting arm
is ensured by placing counter weights on the opposite end of the mould

the alloy pellets are placed in the crucible and is heated electrically by a coil of
copper tubing round it

the heating of metal is viewed through a dense blue lens

a lever is manually released to start the rotation of centrifuge

(most machines revolve at 600 rpm)

after the casting is completed, it is allowed to cool for 8-12 mins

 8) FINISHING AND POLISHING

- Framework finishing consists of smoothening the metal with finer abrasive agents to
remove scratches and rough areas to give high lustre.

1) sprues are cut using carborundum discs

2) surface irregularities removed with the help of Tungsten carbide bur
3) coarse to fine stone are used to finish the framework, followed by rubber wheels and points

4) The final polishing is done with polishing compounds recommended for the
particular alloy.
 FRAMEWORK TRY-IN
- The finished framework is sent to the clinician to be tried in the
patient’s mouth.

- On the master cast, the framework is examined for the following:

1) Design
2) Fit
3) Occlusion
4) Finishing and polishing
- Clinical try-in

1) Fitting framework
The fitting surface of the framework is painted with commercially available
pressure indicating paste or disclosing wax and tried in the mouth

Framework is tried-in over the abutments by applying mild pressure along the
path of insertion
areas where the disclosing medium is eliminated indicate interference

the interfering areas are trimmed appropriately

The procedure is repeated till the occlusal rests seat accurately on the rest seats
 2) Correcting occlusion
-the framework is first checked for centric occlusal interference

the occlusion of the natural teeth without framework is noted

framework positioned in the mouth and articulating paper held with holder is placed
over the teeth on one side of the arch

patient is asked to gently tap on the teeth with vertical force

repeated on the opposite side

mark produced by the paper on framework shows interference and is trimmed outside the mouth

- After correcting centric occlusal discrepancies, lateral and protrusive

interferences are checked similarly.
 3) Finishing and Polishing
The corrected parts of the framework should be finished and polished as
previously described.

#Reasons of framework fitting cast but not Mouth???

1- Incorrect impression
2- improperly poured cast
3- cast has been abraded during fitting of framework in laboratory
4- Teeth have changed the position after making final impression
(can happen if adequate time has nt been given following extraction)
 FABRICATION OF RECORD BASES AND OCCLUSAL RIMS
Record bases:
-fabricated over the saddle area on the denture base minor connector
-Material used- self cure acrylic resin
-Procedure- 1) outline of the record base marked on the cast
2) undercut on the ridge part of the cast is blocked with modelling wax
3) separating media (tin foil substitute) is applied on the cast
4) after separating media is dried, framework is placed on cast
5) a sprinkle-on method is used to mix the monomer and polymer
(uniform thickness of 2 mm)
6) after polymerization, the base is trimmed and polished
Occlusal rims:

-centred over the crest of the ridge

-Purpose- 1) To establish maxillo-mandibular relationships
2) arranging artificial teeth for try in
-Material used: Baseplate wax/modelling wax
-Procedure: 1) the base plate wax is adapted over the resin retention
minor connector in the framework to form a baseplate
2) modelling wax is folded to form an occlusal rim and is
fused to the base plate
 JAW RELATION and articulation
Method 1: Functionally generated path technique
(records all the possible functional movement of the teeth opposing the edentulous span-the
artificial teeth are set accordingly so that they are harmony with their antagonist in all times)

occlusal rim attached to acrylic resin constructed on the metal framework (approx. 0.5-0.75 mm higher than
the normal and with bucco-lingual of the rim more than that of the opposing tooth) is inserted in the
patient’s mouth

patient instructed to simulate chewing movements for a period of 20-30 mins

all the possible jaw movements are recorded in the form of indentations and pathways on the wax rim

the wax pattern thus obtained is boxed and poured in dental stone (provides a record of opposing teeth
with functionally generated pathways)

the stone record with the opposing wax pathway on the framework is then mounted on an articulator and
artificial teeth are set accordingly
Method 2: Static method (most commonly used)
placement of the occlusal rims in the patient’s mouth

patient instructed to close in maximal intercuspal position

the record is made by injecting a recording material between the

occlusal rim and opposing natural teeth
(Material used: ZOE impression paste/Impression plaster /
modelling plastic)
ARTICULATION of casts
 SELECTION OF TEETH AND DENTURE BASE

- While selecting the replacement teeth, the clinician must carefully consider the esthetic and
functional requirements of the patient, the structural requirements of the RPD and the materials
to be used in prosthesis construction.

- most commonly used artificial teeth are the denture teeth made of acrylic resin
(because of their greater ease of placement, acceptable esthetics and decreased danger of fracture
acrylic resin teeth are commonly used in RPD service than the porcelain teeth)

- most commonly used denture base is the combination of metal and acrylic
 ARRANGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL TEETH
Anterior teeth arrangement

- An anterior denture tooth should be positioned as nearly as possible where the original natural tooth
was previously located.

- As an anterior tooth is positioned adjacent to the natural tooth, the proximal surface of the artificial
tooth may be recontoured for better and close adaptation with the natural tooth

- If the missing teeth cross the midline, it is essential that the central incisors be set first to re-establish
the midline . (the fullness and lip support should be verified)
Posterior teeth arrangement

- Artificial tooth adjacent to the clasp has to be in harmony with the opposing teeth, the residual ridge
and the clasp.
- a small space of 2 mm should be left between the denture tooth and the adjacent abutment tooth
(this space will be occupied by the minor connector supporting the clasp)

- the occlusal surfaces should have adequate grooves and ridges to function effectively.
 TRY-IN
-done to verify jaw relation records

Anterior (aesthetic) try-in

-The anterior teeth are verified for the following:
1) Antero-posterior relationship
2) tooth length in relation to lip length and existing natural teeth
3) width
4) overjet and overbite
5) midline and vertical alignment
6) shade in a variety of light sources

Posterior try-in
-includes occlusal verification
1) the denture is inserted and intercuspation of the posterior teeth is visually examined
2) articulating paper is placed on the occlusal surface of artificial teeth-patient asked to gently
duplicate chewing movements –articulating paper is removed and the occlusal surfaces are
examined for premature contacts – occlusal surfaces re-contoured to eliminate these
premature contacts
 WAXING AND PROCESSING THE DENTURE BASE
-investing, dewaxing, processing and deflasking is similar to complete
dentures

-specific requirements for a partial denture are mentioned below:

1) When waxing to an external finish line, excess bulk is added so that after processing and finishing it
will be at the level of finish line
2) On minor connectors and approach arm of bar clasp, the metal can be slightly roughened for acrylic
attachment .

-The final finishing and polishing is similar to complete dentures

 DENTURE INSERTION

Objectives

1) to make the prosthesis comfortable

2) to teach the patient how to use and care for the prosthesis and to teach him to place
and remove the prosthesis
3) to instruct the patient on how to maintain and preserve the remaining teeth
4) to fit the denture base to edentulous ridge and correct occlusal discrepancies
Procedure
1) Inspection of prosthesis
- tissue surface of the prosthesis should be examined for bubbles, sharp ridges,etc
- borders should be smooth

2) Checking fit of denture base

- thin coat of pressure indicating paste (base paste of ZOE) applied to dried tissue surface of denture base
– denture inserted – paste displaced from those parts of denture in contact with soft tissue indicating the
area of interference – vulcanite burs used to relieve these areas

3) Checking extension
- In class 1 and class 11 partial dentures, the extension of peripheral borders are determined by
performing various border moulding movements and checking for lifting of denture base
-In class 111, the peripheral borders should extend enough to ensure tissue contact to prevent
food impaction under denture base
- To define area of over extension more accurately, disclosing wax is flowed over flange periphery
and checked.
4) Occlusal correction
5) Adjusting retentive clasps