MAGNETISM

Magnetism is a force of attraction or

repulsion due to a magnetic field. This
magnetic field is produced by two
ways:
1. Using Inherently magnetic material
2. By electrically magnetizing material by charging
them.
A material which exhibits magnetism is
called a magnet. Magnets have two poles
on either ends called the north (N) and
south (S) poles
 TYPES OF MAGNET
There are several kinds of magnets. But Mainly
there are classified into two types:

1. Permanent magnets
2. Temporary magnets

**Permanent magnets retain their magnetism over a long period of time

whereas temporary magnets retain their magnetic properties only under
certain conditions like presence of a strong magnet or an electric current
in the vicinity.
 Permanent Magnets
• As from the name it is clear that they can retain the magnetic
properties nearly permanently.
• Examples of the naturally occurring permanent magnets are
lodestone, magnetite, etc. The Permanent magnets are also of
different types. These are classified as:

1. Alnico
2. Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB or NIB) and Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)
3. Ceramic or Ferrite.
 Alnico:
1. It is an alloy of Nickel, cobalt and aluminum.
2. Most commonly used as a permanent magnets.
3. It is not the strongest permanent magnets
4. It can be demagnetized easily.

Examples of the Alnico are Bar magnets and the

horseshoe magnets
Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB or NIB) and Samarium
Cobalt (SmCo):

1. The Neodymium Iron Boron is an alloy of Neodymium, Iron and

Boron.
2. The Samarium Cobalt is an alloy of Samarium and Cobalt.
3. These are the very strong permanent magnets.
4. They cannot be easily demagnetized.
5. They are known as Rare Earth magnets.

• The reason for them categorising in the rare earth category is that
their compounds belongs to the Lathanoid group (or rare earth
elements) in the periodic table.
 Ceramic or Ferrite magnets:
These types of permanent magnets are not naturally
occurring but are prepared in the laboratories and
factories.
1. They are used on large scale.
2. They were developed around 1960’s.
3. They are strong magnets but their strengths vary with temperature.
 Temporary Magnets
• From the name it is evident that these are the magnets which possesses
magnetic characteristics temporarily. These materials possess the magnetic
characteristics when they are under the influence of the strong magnetic
field.

• Under the influence of the external magnetic field the atomic particle of
these materials re-arrange to impart them the property of the magnet. As
soon as the magnetic field is removed the atomic particles come to their
natural positions and hence these material loses their magnetic property.

Examples : Paper clips, iron particles, electromagnets etc.

 Magnetic Fields
• Magnetic Fields are produced by magnetic materials and
electric currents. It ca n be detected by the force exerted
by the magnetic materials on other magnetic materials and
moving electric charges. Magnetic field sources are dipolar
in nature, having a north and south magnetic pole. The
magnetic field at any point is described by both a direction
and a magnitude (or strength).

The Magnetic field '' B '' can be obtained from the

magnetic part of the Lorentz force law .
Where,
Fmagnetic = Magnetic force,
q = electric charge of the
particle,
v = Velocity of the electric
charge.
The symbol for magnetic
field is the letter B and its
unit is the tesla (T).
Magnetic Flux

• The total number of

magnetic field lines
crossing through the
surface measures the
magnetic flux
through any surface
held in a magnetic
field. It is a scalar
quantity.
 Magnetic Induction

• Consider an iron nail which is standing still. Let us bring the

Magnet near it, it gets attracted towards the magnet. Now
let us move the magnet away from the nail. There will be no
magnetic field. Hence again the iron nail will stand still. Here
we could observe that for some time the iron nail behaved
as the magnet. This is called Magnetic Induction.

Hence Magnetic induction is the defined as:

The process by which the materials like iron, steel
are magnetized by applying external magnetic
field.
 Electromagnets
• In 1820, Danish scientist Hans Christian Orsted gave the theory of the
production of the magnetic field by varying electric current. Using this
electromagnet was invented by British scientist William Sturgeon.

• An electromagnet is a type of
magnet in which the magnetic field is
produced by an electric current. The
magnetic field disappears when the
current is turned
off. Electromagnets usually consist of
wire wound into a coil. Due to these
materials it is possible to have many
home appliances.
The advantage in using the electromagnets are as
follows:

1. The polarity of the magnets in the electromagnet can be easily reversed

by just reversing the direction of current.

2. The strength of the electromagnet can be easily increase and decrease by

adjusting the amount of current flowing through the coil of wires.

3. It can be used in industries for transporting the large consignment. A

magnetic arm can be deployed which magnetize to attract the
consignment box and transport it to the vehicle and then demagnetize to
place it on the vehicle.
 Properties of Magnets
• The following are the Properties of Magnets:
1. The feature of magnets are that the end points in the magnet act
differently from each other. If one end attracts then the other end repels.
Thus magnet end points are named as the “poles”. For every magnet there
will be two poles so magnet is also called as dipole.

2. The magnet always align themselves in a North-South direction. The

magnet poles are labeled correspondingly as North and South. The lines of
force moves from the North pole to the South pole.

3. The magnets repels when they are placed near diamagnetic materials
whereas they get feebly attracted towards the paramagnetic materials
and strongly attracted towards the Ferromagnetic materials.
• https://physics.tutorvista.com/electricity-and-magnetism/magnetism.html