Presentation on

SLDC AND IMPORTANCE OF

SCADA/EMS SYSTEM
 ABOUT STATE LOAD DISPATCH
CENTRE(SLDC),SHILLONG.
SLDC is the apex body to ensure integrated operation of the power system in the
state of Meghalaya.
It is the strategic discharging various functions specified under Section 33 of Indian
Electricity Act 2003.
The State Load Despatch Centre may give such directions and exercise such
supervision and control as may be required for ensuring the integrated grid
operations
and for achieving the maximum economy and efficiency in the operation of the power
system in the state to implement the orders/directives from Central Electricity
Authority
(CEA) and other statutory bodies like CERC (Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission) and Meghalaya Electricity Regulatory Commission (MeSERC).
The State Load Despatch Centre shall comply with the directions of the Regional Load
Dispatch Centre(NERLDC).
SLDC Activities is broadly categorized: - (A) Real-time Functions (B) Pro-
active
Functions.
The SLDC shall have to carry out their functions in compliance with provisions in
 ABOUT STATE LOAD DISPATCH
CENTRE(SLDC),SHILLONG.
the implemented State Electricity Grid Code and Indian Electricity Grid Code (as State
Grid code has not come into force). The explanation below is intended only for
general
guidance of SLDC from the perspective of Availability Tariff for Central stations and
Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC).
SLDC has to look into the daily scheduling process for Central stations. How
MeECL can take advantage of the commercial mechanism now available, to
trade/swap/bilateral agreement the surplus/deficit generation in certain periods of a
day/season. For daily scheduling, these mainly deal with actions on the previous day,
up
to issuance of final schedules by RLDC.
As a general rule, the SLDC should requisition their entire entitlement in the
available Central generating station capacity (other than liquid fired) for the whole
day,
 ABOUT STATE LOAD DISPATCH
CENTRE(SLDC),SHILLONG.
unless their consumer load profile and intra-State generation mix is such that
the total
State load during certain hours of the day is expectedto be less than the Central
entitlement plus intra-State generation of a variable cost lower than the highest
energy
charge rate of Central generation. In such a case, the requisition from Central
stations
having high energy charge rates could be suitably curtailed during the
concerned hours,
provided the frequency is expected to rise during those hours to a level that
causes the UI
rate to fall below the energy charge rate of the concerned station. In case
frequency is not
expected to rise to such a level during those hours, Central station requisition
should not
be curtailed, and the surplus should be traded bilaterally or as UI (Unscheduled
Interchange).
On the day of operation, the SLDC have to primarily monitorthe intra-State
 ABOUT STATE LOAD DISPATCH
CENTRE(SLDC),SHILLONG.
system. They have to keep a general watch on the actual net
drawal of the State from the
regional grid vis-à-vis the State’s net drawal schedule, but it is
not necessary to endeavor
to equalize the two. In fact, in the system in place, it is
beneficial as well as desirable to
deviate from the net drawal schedule depending on the
circumstances. For example, an
overdrawal may result from increase in consumer load or
reduction of intra - State
generation. If there is no transmission constraint and grid
frequency is good, it causes no
 ABOUT STATE LOAD DISPATCH
CENTRE(SLDC),SHILLONG.
problem for the larger grid, and the extra energy comes to the
State at a low UI rate.
There can be no objection to extra consumer demand being met
through such overdrawal.
There can also be no objection to the over-drawn energy
replacing the intra -
State generation of a higher variable cost. The SLDC should in
fact try to increase its
overdrawal further, as long as frequency is good, by (i) reducing
own generation which
has a variable cost higher than prevailing UI rate, and (ii)
restoring consumer load that had been shed.
TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY
Inter-State, regional and inter-regional transmission):
(National Load Despatch Centre) :-(1) The Central Government may
establish a centre at the national level, to be known as the National Load Despatch Centre
for optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity among the Regional Load Despatch
Centres.
(2) The constitution and functions of the National Load Despatch Centre shall be such as
may be prescribed by the Central Government: Provided that the National Load Despatch
Centre shall not engage in the business of trading in electricity.
(3) The National Load Despatch Centre shall be operated by a Government company or
any authority or corporation established or constituted by or under any Central Act, as
may be notified by the Central Government
The Central Government shall establish a centre for each region to be known as the
Regional Load Despatch Centre having territorial jurisdiction as determined by the
Central Government in accordance with section 25 for the purposes of exercising the
TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY
powers and discharging the functions under this Part
Functions of Regional Load Despatch Centre): --- (1) The Regional
Load
Despatch Centre shall be the apex body to ensure integrated operation of
the power
system in the concerned region.
(2) The Regional Load Despatch Centre shall comply with such principles,
guidelines
and methodologies in respect of the wheeling and optimum scheduling and
despatch of
electricity as the Central Commission may specify in the Grid Code.
(3) The Regional Load Despatch Centre shall -
(a) be responsible for optimum scheduling and despatch of electricity
within the region,
in accordance with the contracts entered into with the licensees or the
generating
TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY
companies operating in the region;
(b) monitor grid operations;
(c) keep accounts of quantity of electricity transmitted through
the regional grid;
(d) exercise supervision and control over the inter-State
transmission system; and(e) be responsible for carrying out real
time operations for grid control and despatch of
electricity within the region through secure and economic
operation of the regional grid
TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY
in accordance with the Grid Standards and the Grid Code.
(4) The Regional Load Despatch Centre may levy and collect
such fee and charges from
the generating companies or licensees engaged in inter-State
transmission of electricity as
 TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICITY
may be specified by the Central Commission.

The SLDC operates as an autonomous body to supervise the

functioning and working of the generating, transmission and
distribution sectors for their smooth performance. I t uses the
advance and effective technology called SCADA that helps in
effective supervising and data acquisition of various field factors. A
brief discussion about the SCADA/EMS system has been presented
in this report.
 SCADA Overview
SCADA Workstation/Servers Dispatcher Console Dispatcher Consoles
Historical Data Server 300 MHz RISC Processor 700 MHz Pentium III PC
Dispatcher Consoles 300 MHz RISC Processor ICCP Node
300 MHz RISC Processor 700 MHz Pentium III PC 256MB RAM, 9GB HDD, 128MB RAM, 9.1GB HDD
512MB RAM, (2) 9GB HDD CD-ROM, (2) 21” CRTs CD-ROM, (2) 21” CRTs
256MB RAM, (2) 9GB HDD, CD-ROM 128MB RAM, 6.4GB HDD
CD-ROM, (2) 21” CRTs CD-ROM, 17” CRT

Port
Servers

10/100 Ethernet
Hubs
Front-End
Laser Printer
Processors
LAN Router

RTU Communication Ports

To Corporate
LAN

Diagnostic Modem
Overview of SCADA

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA is the

system responsible for gathering, processing, and
displaying information about the state of a monitored
system. From a SCADA control center, operators and
application programs can oversee and change the
operating state of monitored devices.

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data

Acquisition. As the name indicates, it is not a full
control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory
level. As such, it is a purely software package that is
positioned on top of hardware to which it is
interfaced, in general via Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs), or other commercial hardware
modules.
SCADA systems are used not only in industrial
processes: e.g. steel making, power generation
(conventional and nuclear) and distribution,
chemistry, but also in some experimental facilities
such as nuclear fusion. The size of such plants range
from a few 1000 to several 10 thousands input/output
(I/O) channels. However, SCADA systems evolve rapidly
and are now penetrating the market of plants with a
number of I/O channels of several 100 K: we know of
two cases of near to 1 M I/O channels currently under
development.
SCADA systems used to run on DOS, VMS and UNIX; in
recent years all SCADA vendors have moved to NT and
some also to Linux.
 (e

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF SCADA

 DATA ACQUISITION.
 PROCESSING OF ACQUIRED DATA.
 DATA EXCHANGE.
 LIMIT / STATUS MONITORING & ALARMING.
 NETWORK STATUS PROCESSOR.
 SEQUENCE OF EVENT RECORDING.
 INFORMATION STORAGE & RETRIEVAL.
 SUPERVISORY CONTROL.
SCADA System Hardware

SCADA systems typically include the following

equipment:
• Host computers( SERVER)
• Operator consoles
• Communications equipment
• Remote terminal units
• Intersite communications equipment
 MAJOR ELEMENTS OF
SCADA (H/W)
1) REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT( R T U )

1) TRANSDUCERS

1) COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1) SCADA HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

1) POWER SUPPLY UNITS

Count Data

A count measurement is a value from a pulse

accumulator. Pulse accumulators are often used to
measure the total amount of energy, liquid, or gas
that has passed by a specific location in the
monitored system. Like analog values, count values are
stored as floating point numbers and adjusted to
represent the physical measurement in engineering
units, such as megawatt-hours (MWH) or cubic feet. In
this form the values can be used for display and
calculations. Each pulse accumulator or counter being
monitored is associated with a COUNT record in
SCADAMOM, which stores the count value.
In a multi-site system, one site is
usually designated as the host site,
while the others are called remote or
foreign sites. The host site is usually
the recipient of data transferred from
remote sites. Each SCADA site
communicates to its remote terminal units
(RTUs) by way of phone lines, microwave,
or fiber optic cable.
Computers

ESCA's SCADA software runs exclusively on Digital

Equipment Corporation VAX and AXP computers. The
particular type of computer used depends greatly on the
volume of data being retrieved, processed, and stored.
At a control site, SCADA usually runs on two computers.
One performs real-time functions (that is, the
gathering, processing, and displaying of real-time
data). This computer is referred to as primary. The
other computer acts as a backup; it is referred to as
secondary
. Its purpose is to take over real-time operations
should the primary computer fail.
Operator Consoles

Consoles are the connection between the

computer and the operator. The console
allows operators to view and interact with
the SCADA system and to use SCADA
displays.
Computer-to-RTU Communications

The communications equipment and software that links

the computer(s) to RTUs (both RTUs located at the site
and at remote stations) is referred to collectively as
the communications front end (CFE). The main piece of
hardware in the CFE is the intelligent communications
processor.
The software that communicates between SCADA on the
hosts and the CFE is the telemetry front end (TFE).
The TFE may either reside on the host computer or be
distributed on a separate VAX/AXP computer.
The CFEs communicate with RTUs and perform
several functions to minimize data processing on
the host computer. These functions include:

· Maintaining-scanning instructions provided

to them by the host. This allows the host to
request scanning with a minimum of communication
to the CFEs.

· Reporting communication errors when RTUs do

not respond and when they respond with errors.
Checking incoming data so that the host receives only
data that has changed since the previous scan. (This
capability is often referred to as "reporting by
exception.")

· Periodically reporting all data to the host

regardless of whether the data has changed from a
previous scan. (This scanning capability is called
"integrity scanning.")

· Performing data conversion to make the

different RTU communication protocols appear the same
to the host (in a system where different kinds of
RTUs are used).
Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
RTUs connect the SCADA system to the monitored
system. Usually an RTU is wired to devices
within close physical proximity, and it receives
incoming measurements and transmits outgoing
commands for those devices. Each piece of data

handled by an RTU, whether the data is a measurement

or a control command, is associated with an
identifier known as an address.
This term refers to a set of points retrieved in a
single command to the RTU. Each address of an RTU
can be scanned independently. Specific scanning
instructions for SCADA (that is, which RTUs and
addresses to scan) are maintained in the SCADAMOM
database.
Data is transmitted to and from RTUs to the host
computers via the CFEs.
 SOFTWARE FUNCTIONING IN RTU
• Real time operating system.
– scanning the inputs,
– monitoring the
communications ports.
– Driver for the
communications system
– Device drivers for the I/O
system (field devices)
• SCADA application
 scanning of inputs
– processing and storing of
data
– responding to requests from
the SCADA master
 BASIC OPERATION OF RTU
• THE RTU WILL OPERATE SCANNING ITS
INPUTS, NORMALLY AT A FAIRLY FAST
RATE.
• SOME PROCESSING SUCH AS
– CHANGE OF STATE
– TIME STAMPING OF CHANGES,
– STORAGE OF THE DATA AWAITING
POLLING FROM THE SCADA MASTER.
– REPORTING TO THE SCADA MASTER
– SOME ALARM PROCESSING

• GENERALLY SCADA MASTER POLLS THE

RTU'S ASKING FOR CHANGES.
• RESPOND TO MASTER WHEN POLLED
MASTER, THE RTU
SCADA COMPRISES OF ONE OR MORE OF THE
FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS
– Alarm conditions, such as fire alarm, illegal entry, over-temperatures,
low battery voltage, and indication alarm of any un-commanded
change-of-state.
– Control and indication including:
• Control of, and indication from the a two or three stat devices:
a) Circuit Breaker: tripped or closed
b) Motor: stopped or started
c) Valve: closed, mid-position, open
• Indication with memory for storing one or more changes of
status that occur between scans
• Control without indication of a device
• Tap-changing transformers (tap position is brought to the master
station by telemetering means) and raise-lower control of
generator load
• Set-point control to provide a set-point reference to a remote
controller
– Data acquisition including recording or displaying:
• Analog quantities.
• Energy data from digital pulse counters
• Digital data such as water levels that are digitalized by external
devices and output from optical transducers read digitally by the
SCADA equipment
 DATA ACQUISITION
Power Plants
• Power plants use different type of fuels including coal, water, nuclear, gas,
diesel and wind
• All the plants have control room to for controlling power production. There is
also a substation at stepping up or power take out point by the transmission
company. The control room can be equipped with control system such as DCS or
PLC or SCADA to automate the operations
Substations
• The power transmitted from generating substations is received at transmission
substations operating at 110, 220 or 400 KV.
• The voltage is stepped down to distribution voltage levels such as 110, 66 or
33KV and the lines at these voltage levels are taken to various cities and town
for distribution.
• These lines are received at distribution substations and again stepped down to
33 or 11KV and taken to the places of consumption and stepped down to 440
volts by pole mounted transformers for giving it to consumers.
• Substations without stepping up or down activities are called switching
stations.
• There are number of HVDC substations in India. When the distance is very long,
it is better to transmit the power using HVDC lines. These lines are also used for
connecting two power systems operating at different frequencies. For example,
there is a 50Hz and 60 Hz power systems in Japan and they are linked through
HVDC.
• There are number of recording, indicating, controlling, measuring, and
protection devices at substations that can be interfaced to SCADA systems for
power system automation
• SCADA system could gather data pertaining to every event or activity
on the power system. The operations of entire power system is often
centralized into one massive operating center.

• In India, this could be State Load Despatch Centre (SLDC) for state
owned power systems, and Regional Load Despatch Centre (RLDC) for
central government owned power systems.

• This centre would start up, monitor, and shut down power plants,
operate the transmission system, perform sectionalization and
switching operations, and generally operate the whole system.

(1) The data could be classified into two main categories:

Operational (real-time) data and used by:
– Power system operator
– EMS & DMS programs
(2) Non-operational or equipment condition monitoring (ECM) data and
used by:
– Maintenance division
– Relay division
– Revenue department
SCADA Software Functions

In general, SCADA's many functions and capabilities

fall into three categories:

· Data acquisition is the scanning function SCADA

performs to get real-time data about the monitored
system. RTUs wired to specific devices are scanned
at a rate specified in the SCADA database. The RTUs
send the data they receive (referred to as raw data)
to the CFEs, which perform some conversion and
checking on the data before sending it on to the TFE,
and thus to the host.
SCADA can acquire, process, and display data from
three types of devices in the monitored system. These
device types are:
· Variable-state devices, which have numerical
measurements referred to in SCADA as analog points.

· Discrete-state devices, such as circuit

breakers and valves, which have status measurements
referred to as status points.

· Pulse accumulator devices, whose numerical

measurements are referred to as count points.
Supervisory control is the SCADA
functionality that lets operators and
application programs issue commands to
RTUs from the control site. A control
command causes a change in the operating
state of a device. For example, an
operator can issue a command that causes
a closed circuit breaker to open.
System control refers to the
capabilities that allow operators and
application programs to change the way
in which SCADA processes and displays
data. For example, an operator can
enter a value for a device whose
measurement is not retrieved from an
RTU.
Station Displays: Onelines and Tabular

Station displays present SCADA data in two

formats: graphical and tabular. The graphical
format is the Online diagram. A Online shows, by
means of single lines and graphic symbols for
components, the operational state of the
monitored system.
Like Online, tabular show information about
the state of monitored devices. And, you use
tabular for the same purpose as Online: to see
the current state of devices in the monitored
system, investigate the source of problems, and
perform control operations. However, tabular
display the information as rows and columns in a
table instead of graphically.
SCADA processes and stores three different types
of data: analog, status, and count data.

Analog Data
Analogs are numeric values representing the state
of variable-state devices, such as power lines,
transformers, and pumps. Analog measurements are
stored in ANALOG records.
Status Data
Status values represent the state of discrete-
state devices, such as circuit breakers, tap
changers, and valves. SCADA can accept status
inputs representing a simple on/off or open/closed
input, or a combination of inputs from a three-
state device. (An example of a three-state status
point is one that has "on" and "off" states, and a
transition state in between on and off.) All
status point values are stored in POINT records in
the SCADAMOM database.
 Constituents of North
Eastern Region

ASSAM TRIPURA CENTRAL SECTOR MEGHALAYA

POWER GRID
ARUNACHAL
PRADESH NAGALAND

MANIPUR MIZORAM
 RSCC & 3 SLDCs : SCADA / EMS

4 REMOTE CONSOLES : SCADA

65 RTUs

Mizoram RTUs = 1

21 RTUs REMOTE CONSOLE

REMOTE CONSOLE
MIZORAM
ARUNACHAL

R.S.C.C.

SHILLONG

REMOTE CONSOLE
NAGALAND
REMOTE CONSOLE
MANIPUR
Nagaland RTUs = 3

Manipur RTUs = 4

SLDC SLDC SLDC

MEGHALYA
ASSAM TRIPURA

8 RTUs 21 RTUs 7 RTUs

General Architecture of NER SCADA/EMS systems

 Hardware Configuration
for
SLDC
SCADA/EMS ISR Network Management Operation Scheduling
SERVERS SERVERS CONSOLE CONSOLE

CFE OPERATOR WAN Development Peripheral

CONSOLE ROUTERS CONSOLE Equipments
Network Structure Of SLDC

SDH CFE DS
MUX DS HS1 HS2
MASTER Standby

LAN A

LAN B

CO1 5 Nos of Operator console present

SW1 SW2 RT1 RT2 CN1 PC1 OC1
HISTORICAL DATA RECORDING

HDR is HISTORICAL DATA RECORDING, which records data

coming from site the same rate as it comes
from Site. And also from External Sources (such as
State Estimator, Operator Entries), Intersite data from
other Control Centers.
All this data will store in both Servers in Disk
No: 3, i.e.DKA200.
HDR Application mainly consists of 3 directories.
1) RECORDING DIRECTORY
2) RECONSTRUCTION DIRECTORY
3) BACKUP DIRECTORY
This BACKUP Directory can accumulate around 3
Months of data and it follows FIFO
HIM (HISTORICAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT)
HIM is another function of EMS system, which stores data
at every 5minutes rate in Oracle Tables (database). At the
end of the date this data can be archived in to Optical
disk.
Here data is Analog data, Status data, Alarm data, Count
data (Monthly data…)

To Functioning of HIM, mainly we needed to two processes

to be run
1> HIM SAMPLER (On DATA SERVER)
2> HIM RECORDER (On HIM SERVER)
HIM ARC (On HIM SERVER) For Archiving function
HIM LRD (On HIM SERVER) This function will run in
HALF-DEGRADED mode only.
HIM function can be in 4 States.
OFF STATE (HIM Function is not running) Ex:
During system startup
DEGRADED MODE (Loss of connection between HIM
SAMPLER and HIM RECORDER)
HALF-DEGRADED MODE (Connection is re-established
and data is being transferred which was not able to
been transferred due to loss of connection).
NORMAL MODE (Normal connection between HIM SAMPLER
and HIM RECORDER)
There is an ARCHIVING function (Data transfer from
Oracle tables to Disks Present in the Jukebox) is
there which automatically runs every day morning
8.00 am and transfer this ANALOG table data in to
JUKEBOX. This JUKEBOX consists of OPTICAL DISKS
with a capacity of 5 GB in which we can write on
both the sides of the disk. Generally one month of
HIM data (including all the data types) can come
in one disk.
You have to INITIALIZE these disks for every month
with the NAME OF THE MONTH.(ex: MAY-2005 in one
side of the disk and on other side MAY-2005_2).
CLONES

An Application Clone is associated with a

family(names) makes a CONTEXT( logical pair) to
carry out particular function/ Task.
SCADA Application has been Cloned in different
families( Ex: EMS, STUDY1)

PROCMAN is an application in family EMS, which

is specifically designed to handle the startup
and stopping of EMS/SCADA Application in a
systematic manner, I.e. to start/stop
application one by one in sequence, restart any
application subsequent to a crash.
 ICCP

ICCP Standard( protocol) is been devised for

exchanging the between RSCC and SLDCs. In RSCC there
are two physical Servers, on which this ICCP
supporting software(OAG: Open access Gateway) is
running. This same software is running on the Data
servers for SLDCs. There are mainly two application in
the OAG :1. OAGMODEL- for Off-line works 2) OAGSERVER-
for Run time/On-line works. In RSCC , three ICCP Links
are present under this OAGSERVER Application, each one
is dedicated for one SLDC.In the SLDC one ICCP link is
present under this OAGSERVER Application, which is
connected to RSCC only.The three ICCP links running in
RSCC ICCP server are 1) ICCPRS1 for Assam 2) ICCPRS2
for Meghalaya 3) ICCPRS3 for Tripura.
 CONCLUSION
Thus, it can be seen that the SCADA/EMS system
forms the heart of the load dispatch centers.It
enables smooth supervision,control and data
acquisation by the body for the smooth functioning of
the GRID.

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