Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
FORCE
FORCE
FORCE
NO
+ + +
-
+ + - +-
- - -
NEUTRAL POSITIVE NEGATIVE
- +- NEGATIVE
-
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE AND RESISTANCE
+ +
WHEN CHARGED PARTICLES ARE SUBJECT TO
ELECTRICAL FORCE, THEIR ABILITY TO MOVE
A +
POSITIVE
-
FROM POINT A TO B IS INFLUENCED BY
CONDUCTIVE PROPERTY OF MATERIAL
+
CONDUCTANCE (g) {units=siemens,S}
measure of material’s ease in allowing
movement of charged particles
1 g= 1
R= OR
g R
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
When there is a charge differential between two
points, energy is stored. This stored energy is VA
called ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL or
+ +
A +
POSITIVE
VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (DV) {units = volts, V} -
DV = VA - VB
When there is a voltage differential between two DV + I
points in a conductive material, charged particles
will be forced to move. Movement of charge is
an ELECTRICAL CURRENT
NOTE: I > 0 means net flow of positive charge; I < 0 means net flow of negative charge
OHM’S LAW
I = DV x g
Since g = 1 / R I = DV / R OR DV = I x R
WATER PRESSURE ANALOGY
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
VALVE
I FLOW RATE
PA
VA VB
PB
R
Water Pressure is analogous to Voltage Differential
Valve Resistance is analogous to Electrical Resistance
DV = VA - VB = IR Flow Rate is analogous to Electrical Current
I
VA VB I = DV x g
R
In a simple resistive circuit, the relationship CONDUCTANCE ( g )
between current and voltage is LINEAR is SLOPE
of line in
I I I - V PLOT
20 20
10 10
DV DV
- 20 - 10 10 20 - 20 - 10 10 20
- 10 - 10
- 20 - 20
POSITIVE R1 R2 NEGATIVE
a b c
I1 I2
DV1 DV2
I1
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
ITOTAL
I2
R2
POSITIVE
ITOTAL
EQUIVALENT ITOTAL
I1 I2 I1 I2
REPRESENTATIONS
+
R1 R2 R1 R2
-
ITOTAL
NEGATIVE
I I
+ +
R R
(10 W ) DV 10 V
(10 W ) DV 10 V
- -
CIRCUIT PROPERTIES
DV (volts)
10 I (Amps)
1
0 0
0 5 0 5
t (sec) t (sec)
CAPACITANCE
SOME MATERIALS CANNOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY, BUT CAN ABSORB CHARGE
WHEN SUBJECTED TO A CURRENT OR VOLTAGE
q = DV x C or DV = q / C
I.e. Larger capacitance ----> Larger charge stored
A material that has capacitance is called a capacitor. The schematic symbol for a
capacitor is:
C
BEHAVIOR OF A SIMPLE CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
SWITCH OPEN SWITCH CLOSED
AT t = 0 sec AT t = 5 sec
I I
+ +
C DV 10 V
C DV 10 V
(10 F ) - (10 F ) -
CIRCUIT PROPERTIES
Q (coulombs)
DV (volts)
I (Amps)
10 100
0 0 0
0 5 0 5 0 5
t (sec) t (sec) t (sec)
RELATIONSHIP OF CAPACITANCE AND CURRENT
AS DESCRIBED BEFORE:
q = C x DV
SINCE I = dq /dt
dq/dt = I = C x dDV/dt
I I
R + R +
DVA 10 V DVA 10 V
(5 W ) - (5 W ) -
C DVB C DVB
(1 F ) (1 F )
CIRCUIT PROPERTIES
DVA (volts)
DVB (volts)
10 10 2
I (amps)
0 0 0
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10
t (sec) t (sec) t (sec)
LOGARHYTHMIC DECAY OF CURRENT THROUGH A
CIRCUIT WITH CAPACITANCE & RESISTANCE IN SERIES
SWITCH OPEN SWITCH CLOSED AT
BEFORE t = 0 t = 0 sec
I I
R + R +
DVA 10 V DVA 10 V
(5 W ) - (5 W ) -
C DVB C DVB
(1 F ) (1 F )
d VC VR VTOT - VC
Equ. A I=C Equ. B I= =
dt R R
Combine equations A & B and integrate
-
VC (t) = VTOT (1 - e t / RC )
-
e t / RC
V (t) = V
R TOT ( )
As capacitor charges, VR and I decay logarhythmically
CIRCUIT WITH CAPACITANCE & RESISTANCE IN SERIES
CONTROL OF CURRENT FLOW BY SIZE OF R AND C
I I
+ +
R DVA R DVA
- -
C DVB C DVB
THE LARGER THE RESISTANCE (R) ----> THE SMALLER THE INITIAL CURRENT SIZE
THE LONGER IT TAKES FOR CAPACITOR TO CHARGE
THE SLOWER THE DECLINE IN CURRENT FLOW
THE LARGER THE CAPACITANCE (C) ----> THE LONGER IT TAKES FOR CAPACITOR TO CHARGE
THE SLOWER THE DECLINE IN CURRENT FLOW
NO EFFECT ON INITIAL CURRENT SIZE
R +
DVA 10 V
(5 W ) -
C DVB
(1 F )
CIRCUIT PROPERTIES
10 2 10
RESISTOR
DVA (volts)
DVB (volts)
VOLTAGE
I (amps)
0 0 0 CAPACITOR
VOLTAGE
-10 -2 -10
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
t (sec) t (sec) t (sec)
CIRCUIT WITH CAPACITANCE & RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL
SWITCH OPEN BEFORE t = 0 sec
10
DVA (volts)
SWITCH CLOSED AT t = 0 sec
5
ITOT 0
RA +
DVA -5 0 5 10
(5 W ) 10 V t (sec)
-
I TOT (amps)
2
IB
IC
RB DVB 1
C
(5 W )
(1 F ) ITOT 0
-5 0 5 10
t (sec)
2 10 2
I C (amps)
DVB (volts)
{
THROUGH
1 5 1 PARALLEL
RESISTOR
0 0 0 IS DELAYED
BY THE
-5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10 -5 0 5 10
CAPACITOR
t (sec) t (sec) t (sec)
CIRCUITS WITH TWO BATTERIES IN PARALLEL
SWITCH CLOSED AT t = 0 sec
I B (amps)
RB IB +
0
VA
+ - -5 0 5 10
t (sec)
VB -
VA = VB + IBRB or
/
IB = (VA - VB) RB
CYTOSOL (g)
Ion channels in membrane provide sites through which selective ions flow,
thereby giving some TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE
Flow of ions in cytosol only limited by diameter of axon; the WIDER the
axon, the greater the AXIAL CONDUCTANCE
MODELLING THE AXON AS RESISTANCES & CAPACITANCES
RM CM RM CM RM CM