PENDAHULUAN –

BIOLOGI MOLEKULER
Dyke Gita Wirasisya, S.Farm., M.Sc., Apt.

Program Studi Farmasi

Universitas Mataram
• Molecular biology concerns itself with understanding the
interactions between the various systems of a cell,
including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein
synthesis and learning how these interactions are
regulated.

Biochemistry Function Genetics

Proteins Genes

Molecular Biology
Introduction
The Central Dogma
of Molecular Biology
Cell

Reverse
Transcription tanscription DNA
mRNA
Translation Ribosome

Polypeptide
(protein)
CELL
BIOLOGY
TIMELINE
Jika kamu ingin menjadi dokter, namun pada umur 20an
tahun kehilangan pendengaran… apa yang akan kamu
lakukan?
• Ngambek
• Marah pada Allah… Ortu…
• Keduanya
• Akan menemukan bidang studi lain… dan berkontribusi
terhadap ilmu pengetahuan

 Friedrich Miescher – 1869 found DNA

 He named it nucleic
 Died at 51
 Many most ground breaking founding…
but apreciated many years later
Courtesy to
Prof.Fyodor Urnov
 History
• In 1944 Oswald Avery proves DNA is
the genetic material, and his findings
were confirmed in 1952 by Hershey and
Chase.

• In 1953, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

was discovered as a double helix
structure by Watson and Crick using
data collected by Rosalind Franklin.
 History
• 1961 Marshall Nirenberg and colleagues
decipher the genetic code
• Genetic code is a triplet code, with each codon consisting of
three nucleotide bases.
• Code Properties
• Universal
• Degenerate
• Unambiguous
• Contains start and stop signals
• Common Origin of Life

Marshall Nirenberg
History
• 1970 American microbiologist, Daniel Nathans,
discovers first restriction enzyme which can cut
specifically cut DNA at a specific recognition site.
History
• 1972: DNA ligase, which links DNA fragments
together, used for the first time.

• 1973: Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer discover

recombinant DNA technology. They inserted a
gene from an African clawed toad into bacterial
DNA.

• 1978: Boyer was the first to insert a human gene

(Insulin) into Bacteria for the first time.
 In 1983 the first genetically engineered drug
was developed.

 Genentech's human insulin drug produced by

genetically engineered bacteria was the first
biotech drug to be approved by the Food and
Drug Administration for the treatment of
Diabetes.
  At age 3 Dolly showed signs of
premature aging.
 Dolly died at 6 years old from
progressive lung disease (symptom of
old age)
Hello Dolly!
 Dolly used 277 cloned embryos

Chromosome
Singapore’s National Institute of Education produced
these glowing orchids, modified with a gene for the
luminous firefly gene.

Human Lactoferrin

Edible vaccines
RPE65 – Retinal Pigment Epithelium 65
• Mutasi dari gen ini akan menyebabkan penyakit Leber’s
Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)

DNA is Powerful.. How so?

 Eksperimen utk menyembuhkan LCA!!
TERIMAKASIH…