Topic:

Mechanical Waves
Submitted by:
Names Roll No.
1)-Awais M-40
2)-A . Muneeb Wajid M-31
3)-Mudassir M-31
4)-Shafique M-30

Submitted to:
Dr. Jameel Sahib
 Content
• Introduction
• Definition
• Theory
• When Observer Moving
• When Observer Moving Towards From Source
• When Observer Moving Away From Source
• When Source in Motion
• When Source Moving Towards Observer
• When Source Moving Away From Observer
• Applications
• Doppler Echocardiography
• Police Radar
• Doppler Radar For Weather precipitation
• Velocity of Blood
• How Astronomers Determined the Direction of a moving Galaxy
 Introduction:
Christian Johann Doppler (1803-
1853, Austrian)
An Australian mathematician and
physicist Published his notable work
on the Doppler effect in 1842. Was
Gregory Mendel’s physics professor in
the University of Vienna.
 Definition
A change in the frequency
experienced by an observer due
to relative motion of either the
observer or the source
 Doppler Effect, Moving Observer

Doppler Effect, Source in Motion

 Doppler Effect, Moving Observer
Towards Source :
• When observer and source both are stationary the frequency is
given as
f v 
Now if observer is moving towards a
Stationary Source with velocity Vo then
relative velocity (V) Of the waves and
observer is increased from V to
V + Vo ………(1) Fig 14.8, p. 435
Slide 12

So the Eq of frequency of observer is

given as
 f’ = v/ 
Using Eq. 1

f '  (v  vobs ) 
By putting value of 

 v  vo 
ƒ'  ƒ 
 v 
 f’ > f
Result:
Hence we can say that as observer moves
towards stationary source modified frequency will
greater than rest frequencey.
 If observer moves away
Now if observer is moving away a from
Stationary Source with velocity Vo then
relative velocity (V) Of the waves and
observer is decreased from (V) to
V – Vo
So the Eq. of frequency of observer is
given as
f’ = V - Vo ……………. (1) Fig 14.9, p. 436


Slide 13

We Know That
V=f
OR  = V/f
Putting Value of  we get
 v  vo 
ƒ'  ƒ  
 v 
So
f’ < f
Hence we can say that frequency will decreased when
observer moves away from source.
 Doppler Effect, Source in Motion
• When Source is Moving Towards Stationary Observer :
If source ‘’S’’ is moving towards a stationary Observer
With velocity ‘’Vs’’ then one second waves are
Compressed by an amount called Doppler
shift which is given as
∆  = Vs/f
The compression waves are due
to the fact that Same number of
waves are contained in a shorter space
Depending on the speed of source.
The wavelength of observer is
o =  - ∆ ………………… (2)
We know that
 = v/f
putting the values of  and ∆  in Eq. 2 We get
o = ( v/f – Vs/f ) …………… (3)
The modified frequency f’ for the observer is given as
f’ = v/o …………… (4)
Putting equation 4 in 3 we get
f’ = (V/V-Vs)f ……………… (5)
• We can say that frequency will increased when source
moves towards Stationary observer i.e f’ > f
 When source moves away from stationary observer
If source ‘’S’’ is moving away from a stationary Observer
With velocity ‘’Vs’’ then one second
waves are Compressed by an amount
will be elongated by an amount
∆. The wavelength of observer is
then
o =  + ∆ ……… 1

But  = v/f

And ∆ = Vs/f
Putting these values in Eq. 1
 o = V/f + Vs/f

o = V + Vs
f
So for observer from whom source is moving away modified
frequency will
f’ = v/ o

f’ = V
V + Vs
Which shows that frequency will decreased f’ < f.
Object moving with super Sonic Speed
Doppler Effect in Light
 Doppler Effect in Light
We can analyze Doppler effect in light by considering
a light source as a clock that ticks per sec and emits a
wave of light with each tick
• Observer moving perpendicular to a line b/w
him and the light source
The proper time b/w ticks is
f = 1/t0
t0 = 1/f0 …….(1)
so b/w one tick and next tick the time

t= t0
1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2

elapses in the reference frame of the observer.

The frequency he finds is
f = 1/t
Putting value of ‘’t’’ in above Eq.
f= 1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2
t0
OR
t0 = 1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2 …………. (2)
f
By Comparing (1) and (2)
f = f0 1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2
Where ‘’f’’ is the observed frequency and ‘’f0 ‘’
f<f0
• Observer moving away from light source
Now the observer travels ‘’vt’’ distance away from the
source b/w ticks , which means that the light wave from a given tick
takes ‘’vt/c’’ longer to reach him than the previous one. Hence the total
time b/w the arrival of successive waves is
T = t + vt/c
= t ( 1 + v/c ) ………… (1)
We also know that
t= t0 ……… (2)
1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2
Putting (2) in (1)
 T = t0 1 + v/c
1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2

T = t0 𝟏 + 𝒗/𝒄
𝟏 − 𝒗/𝒄

And the observed frequency is

f = 1/T

f = 1 𝟏 − 𝒗/𝒄
t0 𝟏 + 𝒗/𝒄
 1 − 𝑣/𝑐
f = f0
1 + 𝑣/𝑐

Where ‘’f’’ is the observed frequency and ‘’f0’’ is the source

frequency .
In this case
f<f0
• Observer is approaching light Source
The observer here travels ‘’vt’’ distance
towards the Source b/w ticks , so each light wave takes ‘’vt/c’’ less
time to arrive the observer than the previous one .
T = t – vt/c
= t (1-v/c )
After putting value of ‘’t’’ and simplification we get

1 − 𝑣/𝑐
f = f0
1 + 𝑣/𝑐
 The Doppler effect in light is also used by astronomers who
use the concept of frequency shift produced by moving stars
in galaxy. Galaxies are cluster of stars which typically rotate
about some center of mass.
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by such stars in the
galaxy would appear to be shifted downward in frequency if
the star is rotating in its cluster in a direction away from Earth
( a “red shift”) `. Similarly there is an upward shift in
frequency of such observed radiation if the star is rotating in a
direction that is towards the Earth ( a ‘’Blue Shift’’) .
e.g. Expanding of Universe
Applications
Doppler echocardiography
* Doppler echocardiography is a procedure
that uses ultrasound technology to examine
the heart or blood vessels. An
echocardiogram uses high frequency sound
waves to create an image of the heart while
the use of Doppler technology allows
determination of the speed and direction
of blood flow by utilizing the Doppler effect.
* An advantage of Doppler echocardiography
is that it can be used to measure blood flow
without invasive procedures within the heart
such as cardiac catheterization.
 Police Radar
• Like all radars it also consist of a radio transmitter and receiver. They
send out a radio signal in a narrow beam, then receive the same
signal back after it bounces off the target object. Due to a
phenomenon called the Doppler Effect, if the object is moving
toward or away from the gun, the frequency of the reflected radio
waves when they come back is different from the transmitted waves.
From that difference, the radar speed gun can calculate the speed of
the object from which the waves have been bounced.
This speed is given by the following equation:

Where
f is emitted frequency of radio waves
∆f is difference b/w emitted and
reflected waves frequency
c is speed of light
v is the velocity of target object
 Weather precipitation
• A radar is a big machine that rotates in a circle, and as it’s rotating, it sends
radio waves out into the atmosphere. The radio waves hit an object, like hail
or rain drops, and the waves bounce back to the radar. A computer in the
radar calculates the amount of waves that have returned and produces an
image that corresponds to the amount of energy that returned to the radar.
If there are no objects present to bounce back the radio waves, then the
radar’s computer assumes that the weather is clear, and it produces an
image that is free of precipitation.
If there are a lot of objects present,
then more radio waves will return to
the radar, and the radar will generate
an image with different colors on it.
 Red - Tornado Warning. Issued
when a tornado is imminent or
occurring.
 Yellow - Severe Thunderstorm
Warning. Issued when a severe
thunderstorm is imminent or
occurring. A severe thunderstorm is
defined as hail 1" or greater and/or
a wind speed of 58 mph (93 kmp/h)
 Green - Flash Flood Warning.
Issued with flash flooding.
Marine - Special Marine Warning.
 Velocity of blood
(Photo acoustic)
The photo acoustic Doppler effect,
as its name implies, is one specific
kind of Doppler effect, which occurs
when an intensely modulated light
wave induces a photo acoustic wave
on moving particles with a specific
frequency. The observed frequency
shift is a good indicator of the
velocity of the illuminated moving
particles. A potential biomedical
application is measuring blood flow.
 Working:
• Transducer emits ultrasound reflected from RBC.
• If RBC (flow of blood) moves toward transducer, frequency of
the reflected sound’s wavelength increases
• If RBC (flow of blood) moves away from the transducer,
frequency of the reflected sound’s wavelength decreases
 Direction of moving Galaxy
The Doppler effect is of intense interest to
astronomers who use the information
about the shift in frequency of
electromagnetic waves produced by
moving stars in our galaxy and beyond in
order to derive information about those
stars and galaxies. The belief that the
universe is based in part upon
observations of electromagnetic waves
emitted by stars in distant galaxies can be
determined by application of Doppler
effect. Galaxies are cluster of stars which
typically rotate about some center of mass.
• Electromagnetic radiation emitted by such stars in a distant galaxy
would appear to be shifted downward in frequency ( a “red shift”)
if the star is rotating in its cluster in a direction away from Earth.
Similarly there is an upward shift in frequency of such observed
radiation if the star is rotating in a direction that is towards the
Earth ( a ‘’Blue Shift’’).