PROCESS DESIGN OF FLUIDIZED BED:

 Mass of Solid in the Bed:

There is a drag force exerted on the solid particles by the
flowing fluid, and at low fluid velocities the pressure drop
resulting from this drag follows the Ergun equation, just as for
any other type of packed bed. When the fluid velocity is
increased to a certain value however, the total drag on the
particles will equal the weight of the bed, and the particles will
begin to lift and barely fluidize.
The mass of solid in bed equation is expressed as:

Where,
Ws= Mass of solids in the bed,
Ps = Density of solid,
As= Cross-sectional area of solid,
h = Height of the bed settled before the particles,
ε =Void fraction of bed.
The void fraction of bed is expressed as:

The macroscopic observables in fluidized beds are the fluid pressure drop
(∆P) needed to cause the fluid to flow through the bed of solids, the fluid
velocity (u), and the density of solids (ρs).
Where,
h = Height of the bed,
μ = fluid viscosity,
ρ=Fluid density,
u = fluid velocity,
dp= Particle diameter
The minimum fluidized velocity, in terms of parameters for the fluid, solid
and bed is expressed as:
For relative small particles and small Reynolds number the minimum fluidized
velocity is expressed as:
Terminal velocity is given by,
 OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS
PARAMETERS
 Diffusivity of naphthalene balls are carried out at various flow-
rates, temperature and time keeping one varying and others
constant at a time.
 This is done for optimizing the diffusivity of the naphthalene
balls.
 The objective of the optimization process is derive rate
parameters such that the given net species production rate (here
diffusion) at various condition, gives an optimum result.
 By optimum point of diffusion, we mean the particular point of
diffusion reaches its maximum value and beyond that point, it
either tends to remain constant or starts decreasing. For a given
set of parameter conditions, so as to optimize the energy
consumption.
 First for optimizing the flow-rate parameter, keep the
flow-rate of the fluidized bed varying, and the temperature
constant, that is at room temperature and keep the particle
size constant.
 Diffusivity increase with increase in flow-rate, it increase
till a certain flow-rate, then diffusivity starts becoming
constant. That particular point of flow-rate is the
optimized flow-rate for the fluidized bed
 Then for optimizing the temperature, keep the optimized
flow-rate constant and again the time as 1 hour. Then keep
varying the temperature parameter.
 Diffusivity increase with increase in temperature, it
increase till a certain temperature, then diffusivity starts
becoming constant. That particular point is the optimized
temperature for the diffusion process.
• Then for optimizing the time of exposure, keep the
optimized flow-rate and optimized temperature constant.
Then keep varying the time.
• The Diffusivity increase with increase in time of exposure,
it increase till a certain point , then diffusivity starts
becoming constant. That particular point is the optimized
time of exposure for the diffusion process.
• Combining these optimized values, we can do the
optimization of the diffusion of naphthalene balls using
fluidized bed.
 Fick's first law relates the diffusive flux to the
concentration field, by hypothesizing that the flux
goes from districts of high concentration to areas of
low concentration, with an extent that is relative to the
concentration gradient. Here just molecules are
moving entire greater part of particles is not in
movement.
 Hence for this system Fick’s law can be defined as:
𝑑𝑥 𝐴
J= -CD ( )
𝑑𝑧
• Here, Fick's diffusion mathematical statement has been utilized
for the count of compelling diffusivity of tests.

𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝑎𝑙 = 2 × 10−15 [𝑇 7.1589 × 𝑡 0.2512 × 𝑉1.1303 × 𝐼𝑊 −3.089 ]0.9185

EXPERIMENTAL READINGS
 Diffusion with varying flowrate:

Temperature Time Flowrate Initial Wt Final Wt Diffusivity

℃ sec (V) gm gm 𝑫𝑨𝑩
m/s 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔

40 1200 0.0055 33.70 29.57 7.3373 x 10−11

40 1200 0.0048 33.70 29.92 6.3707x10−11

40 1200 0.00407 33.70 30.75 5.3679x10−11

40 1200 0.0024 33.70 31.60 3.1021x10−11

 Diffusivity vs Flowrate
8
7
Diffusivity x 10^-11

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Flowrate
 Diffusion with varying Temperature:
Temperature Time Flowrate Initial Wt Final Wt Diffusivity
℃ sec m/s gm gm 𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝒎𝟐 /𝒔

30 1200 0.00407 33.70 32.08 8.09621 x10−12

35.5 1200 0.00407 33.70 31.79 2.4490 x 10−11

40 1200 0.00407 33.70 31.29 5.3679 x 10−11

46.5 1200 0.00407 33.70 30.63 1.4447 x 10−11

 Diffusion with varying Time of Exposure

Temperature Time Flowrate Initial Wt Final Wt Diffusivity

℃ sec m/s gm gm 𝑫𝑨𝑩
𝒎𝟐 /𝒔

46.5 1200 0.0055 33.70 29.57 1.9749 x 10−10

46.5 1800 0.0055 33.70 28.95 2.1686 x 10−10

46.5 2700 0.0055 33.70 27.04 2.3813 x 10−10

46.5 3600 0.0055 33.70 25.81 2.5447 x 10−10

 Diffusivity vs Time
3

2.5
Diffusivity x 10^-10

1.5

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time
FUTURE SCOPE
• It can be used in processed food industries for
computation of diffusion of aroma, nutrients etc.
• It can also be used for soaps, aromatic products etc in
understanding the effect of temperature, air flow
conditions etc in the diffusion of their smells due to
exposure in air.
RESULT
 Optimized value of temperature parameter : 40˚c
 Optimized value of flow velocity parameter : 0.0055m/s
 Optimized value of time parameter : 45 min
CONCLUSION
 From the graphs, the maximum diffusion is obtained
by the temperature parameter.
 The power of diffusivity has increased from 10−12 to
10−10 by increasing the temperature.