Airport engineering

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introduction
 Fastest mode

 Speed more than 300

kmph

 Modern speed-
3 x speed of sound

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 Advantages  Disadvantages

• No artificial track • Flight rules

• Time saving • Operating expense
• emergency • Safety
• Weather cond.

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International Civil aviation
organization (ICAO)
 Set up on April 4, 1947
 Head quarters in Canada
 Now is SPL agency of UNO
 151 Sovereign state are members
 Objective are safe growth, new aircraft
design and development of airways

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International Airport Transport
Association (IATA)
 More than 100 members
 To promote interest of civil aviation
 Provides forum for industry views

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Air Transport In India
 First flight by Frenchmen Henry carrying mail
from Allahabad to Naini in 1911
 Regular service Karachi to Delhi on December
30, 1929
 Internal service by Tata on Oct. 15, 1932 which
later changed as Air India Limited.
 Govt. established Air India International limited in
1948
 Air trp corp. bill was passed in 1953 and two
corporation were established for domestic and
international service each as “Indian Airlines
Corporation” & Air India International
Corporation resp.

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Present Status
 In India there are :
1. More than 335 domestic airport
2. More than 20 International airport

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International Airport Authority Of
India (IAAI)
 Setup in 1972 for operation planning,
mgnt. And development of international
airport
 Done modernization of four int. airport in
India
 Also done construction and consultabncy
work in other countries
 However ATC, communication and
navigation provided by C.A.D
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Civil Aviation Department
 N.A.A. was a estb. In 1986 through act of
parliament
 It consist of chairman and 12 members
 Main object is to provide highest std. of
ATC
 It is known as CAD

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Airport Authorities of India (AAI)
 Formed in 1995 merging NNA and IAAI to create
controlled organization.
 Completely owned by government.
 Controls and manages limits accepted by ICAO
 Provides service like design, development, operation
& maintenance of Domestic & international airport
 Controls const. and modification of terminals.
 Provides passenger facilities & information system.
 Carries expansion & maintenance of runways, taxiway
apron, hangars etc.
 Provides visual aids
 Provides comm. & navigational aids like radar, dvor
etc.

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Terms
 Aerodrome  Hangar
 Aircraft  Holding apron
 Aero plane  Taxiway
 Airships  Terminal area
 Airport  Terminal Building
 Airport capacity  Control tower
 Runway  Clearway
 Apron  Calm period
 Approach Zone  Zonings

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Component parts of an Aeroplane
 Engine
 Flaps
 Fuselage
 Propeller
 Three controls
 Tricycle
undercarriage
 Wings

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 I) Engine
 To make force available for
propelling aircraft through
air.

 Aeroplane may have 1, 2, 3

or 4 engines due to:
 Chances of accident
 Increase in power
 Reliability

 Types:-
 Piston
 Jet
 rocket

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 Piston
 Conventional type
 Low height
 Moderate speed
 Huge torque
developed which is
absorbed by
propeller resulting
large quantity of air
hurled rearward
which pulls aircraft
forward

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 Jet
 High height
 Large speed
 Hot exhaust gasses
gives forward thrust
 Takes oxygen from
surrounding
 Speed 1200 to 2400
kmph

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 Rocket
 Same as jet but carries its own oxygen

 Hence very high altitude possible

 Speed up to 4600 kmph

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 II) Flaps
 A hinged section of an airplane wing used
in landing or takeoff

 When projected into air, produces an

immediate reduction in speed & acts as a
brake in air

 Also helps in necessary lift at low speed

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 III) Fuselage
 Provides space for
accommodation of
cockpit, cargo,
passengers, mail,
bathrooms etc.
 Its size should be as
per the requirement

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 IV) Propeller
 Provided to piston and
jet engine
 Two or more blades
 Blades deflect air
backward giving
forward thrust to
engine
 If engine & propeller
provided in front, it is
called tractor type
 If at back, Pusher type.

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 V) Three controls
 Aircraft can move in
X,Y or Z axis

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Movement at X, Y and Z axis

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 Movement at X axis
 Called lateral
movement
 Aileron provided
 If one aileron pulled
upwards and other
downwards, creates
rolling control
 Hence at time of
thrust by wings,
aileron is used to
balance the plane

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 Movement at Y axis
 It is called Pitching
 Elevator in form of
two flaps provided
 Capable of moving
up or down by angle
of 50o to 60o
 When elevator
raised, there is
increased pressure
on it which results in
tail to go down

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 Movement at Z axis
 It is called as Yawing
 Axis passes at right
angle to X & Y axis
 Yawing movement of
about 30o is achieved
by rudder
(streamlined flap
hinged at tail end)

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 VI) Tricycle undercarriage
 It is landing gear system which provides
support to aircraft when in contact with
ground
 Purpose:
a) To enable easy maneuvering
b) To permit smooth landing

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 VII) Wings
 To support machine
in the air
 Aerofoil is a wing like
structure which may
be flat or curved
 It is designed to
obtain reaction from
air through which it
moves

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 Working of wings
 Area of reduced and increased pressure
formed on top & bottom surface of air foil
due to its streamlined shape
 It receives current of air in upward direction
& directs it downward resulting in lift
reaction
 As machine gathers speed, lifting force
becomes equal to its weight and aeroplane
rises
 Its shape doesn’t permit eddies
 Should be strong to resist bending force &
must posses torsional stiffness
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 Aircraft characteristics
1) Aircraft capacity
2) Aircraft speed
(a) air speed (b) ground speed
3) Aircraft weight & wheel arrangement
(a) Max. gross takeoff wt.
(b) max. landing wt. (c) operating empty wt.
(d) payload (e) zero fuel wt.
4) Fuel Spilling
5) Jet blast
6) Min. Circling radius

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 Aircraft characteristics
7) Min. Turning radius
8) Noise
(a)Takeoff- Jet (b)Landing- machineries
9) Range
10) Size of Aircraft
11) Take off & landing distance
12) Type of engines
13) Tyre pressure and contact area

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Airport Classification

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Airport Site Selection
 Meteorological and Atmospheric condition
 Avail. Of land for expansion
 Availabilities of Utilities
 Dvlpt of Surrounding areas
 Economy of constn
 Ground accessibility
 Presence of other airport
 Regional Plan
 Soil Characteristics
 Surrounding obstruction
 Topography

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Factors affecting airport size
 Elevation
 Meteorological condn
 Characteristics of aircraft
 Volume of traffic

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Airport obstruction
 Imaginary Surface
 Objects with actual height

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Imaginary surface

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Obstacles with actual hieght

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Factors Influenced by Airport
Activity
 Ecological-Flora & Fauna
 Engg & Economical Factors-Cost ,Benefits
 Pollution-Noise , Air, Water
 Social Factors

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Design Problems
 Runway Design
 Exit Taxiway Design
 Gates Design

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Runway Design Components
 Runway Orientation
 Head Wind
 Cross Wind Component
 Wind Rose Diagram

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Wind Data

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Type 1

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Type II

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Basic runway length Criteria
 Normal Landing- Aircraft should completely stop
within 60% of landing distance assuming pilot enters
threshold at proper speed being at height of 15m

 Normal Takeoff- TOD must be 115% of actual

distance aircraft uses for reaching height of 10.5m.
And distance to reach height of 10.5 m should be
115% of LOD

 Stopping in emergency- Sufficient distance

(accelerate-stop Distance) be available if engine
failure observed after attaining full speed on ground.

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Basic Runway Length
Assumptions
i. No wind blowing on runway
ii. Aircraft is fully loaded
iii. Airport is at sea level
iv. No wind blowing on the way
v. Runway is leveled
vi. Temp is std. & constant on the way
vii. Std Temp of 15 degree at airport

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Correction for basic runway length
 Correction for Elevation
 Correction for Temperature
 Correction for Gradient

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Correction for elevation
 As per ICAO
 Elevation.-Density-lift-Length.
 Length increased @ 7% per 300 m rise in
elevation above MSL

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Correction For Temperature
 Effect same as of elevation
 Diff betn ART & Std Temp
 Increase 1% for every 1 degree rise in ART From
STD temp

 ART= T1+((T2-T1)/3)
T1= Monthly mean of average daily temperature for
hottest month of year
T2= Monthly mean of daily temperature for same
month

 STD temp= 6.5 degree Celsius per 1000 m rise in

elevation

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 Important check as per ICAO
recommendation
 Addition in length due to elevation and
temperature should not exceed 35% of
basic runway length

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Correction for Gradient
 Grad Steep- length.
 After Gradient and Temperature
correction
 Increase 20% for every 1% Effective
Gradient
 Effective gradient- Difference between
elevation (R.L) first and last point on
runway divided by total length of runway

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Runway pattern

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Taxiway
 Elements for geometric standards of Taxiway

1. Length of Taxiway-distance between apron and end of runway- should be

small

2. Longitudinal gradient- ICAO values

A & B type airport- 1.5%
C, D &E type airport- 3%

3. Rate of change of longitudinal gradient

4. Sight distance-
A & B type – 195 m at 2.10m above taxiway
C,D & E type- 300 m at 3m above taxiway

5. Transverse gradient- ICAO values

A & B type airport- 1.5%
C, D &E type airport- 2% 52
Taxiway
 Elements for geometric standards of Taxiway continued…

6. Turning radius- for change in direction of taxiway. Maximum

of following is adopted
i. Normal formula
ii. Horonzeff’s formula
iii. Subsonic-120 and Supersonic-180

7. Width of safety area- partially paved shoulders on either side

with suitable drainage

8. Width of taxiway- A & B type-22.5 m

C D and E type- 15, 9.9 and 7.5 m respectively

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Exit taxiway

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