Science Form 4

Chapter 3 Heredity遗传and
Variation
 3.1 Cell Division细胞分裂
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6ucKWI
IFmg
1. Cell细胞is the basic unit for living things.
2. Chromosome染色体
- the fine thread-like structures found in
the nucleus of a cell.
3. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
脱氧核糖核酸
- long molecules containing genes.
4. Gene基因 – an inheritance unit that
determines a characteristic of an
individual.
Human cheek cells
Sperm cells and ovum
Blood cells
Chromosomes
 Genes
• Hair colour
• Skin colour
• Blood types – A, B, AB, O
• Body height
• Left-handed / right-handed
• Straight / curly hairs
• Shape of the ear lopes
• Eyebrows………
 Thalassemia地中海贫血
• Thalassemia is a blood disorder passed down
through families (inherited) in which the body
makes an abnormal form or inadequate amount
of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red
blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder
results in large numbers of red blood cells being
destroyed, which leads to anemia.
• Thalassemia occurs when there is a defect in a
gene that helps control production of one of
these proteins.
Thalassemia major
 Cell division :
1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis
 Mitosis
• Takes place in somatic cells体细胞.
• Daughter cell (new cell produced after cell
division) contains the same number of
chromosomes and genes as the parent cell
(the cell which is going to divide).
• Importance: a) for growth
b) replacing damaged or
dead cells.
c) asexual reproduction
 Stages of mitosis

• The chromosomes in the nucleus shorten,

thicken and become clearly visible.
• Each chromosome undergoes replication to
form sister chromatids joined at the
centromere.
• Spindle fibre

• Sister chromatids lined up at the cell equator.

They are attached to spindle fibres which are
connected to the poles.
• The centromere of each sister chromatid splits
into two. The chromatids are pulled to
opposite poles of the cell.
• Cytoplasm divides. The nucleus membrane is
reformed.
• Two identical daughter cells (new cells) are
formed.
 Meiosis
• Occurs only in reproductive organs生殖器官
• To produce gametes(卵子和精子)with half the
number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
• Importance of meiosis:
a) formation of gametes
b) to maintain保持the number of chromosomes after
fertilisation受精
c) crossing over is important in meiosis to produce
variation变异among offspring子孙
 Stages of meiosis

• Parent cell: The chromosomes in the nucleus

shorten , thicken
• and become clearly visible.
• Each chromosome undergoes replication to
form sister chromatids joined at the
centromere .
• Pairing of homologous chromosomes takes
place. Crossing over occurs which
involves the exchange of genetic information
between pairs of homologous chromosomes.
• Homologous chromosomes are separated and
move to opposite poles of the cell.
• Cytoplasm divides
• The chromosomes line up at the cell equator .
• The centromeres split into two
and the chromatids move to the opposite
poles of the cell.
• The cytoplasm divides and nuclear membrane
forms again. Four non-identical不相同daughter
cells are formed. These are gametes.
 The similarities and the differences
between mitosis and meiosis
Similarities:
• Parent cell divides to produce daughter cells
• Chromosomes only replicate once
Differences: