Science Form 4

Chapter 4 Matter and Substances

4.1 Analysing changes in the states
of matter
Snow in Japan
Snowflakes
Snowflakes
Snow is a solid
A snowflake is an aggregate of
many ice crystals (solid)
Raining : Rain is liquid
Water boils into water vapour (gas)
 The kinetic theory of matter物质
• Three basic assumptions假设:
a) Matter is made up of tiny particles粒子.
b) The particles are in constant motion
不断的移动.
a) When temperature rises, the particles obtain
more kinetic energy动能and move faster.
 Relation between changes in heat
with changes in kinetic energy of the
particles in matter
Ice
 Solid
(example: ice)

• Kinetic energy of the particles is low.

• The particles can only vibrate and
rotate about in their fixed positions.
Solid
 Liquid
(example : water)

• Particles have greater kinetic energy.

• Can move freely.
Liquid
 Gas
(example :
steam / water
vapour)
• Particles have high kinetic energy.
• Move even faster in random motion.
Gas
Melting (absorbs heat)
Freezing (releases heat)
Boiling (absorbs heat)
Condensation (releases heat)
 Sublimation
(absorbs heat)

• Sublimation is the change of a solid

directly to gas.
Examples of sublimation : dry ice
Examples of sublimation : iodine
 sublimation

/ evaporation
Science module p.67