Discrete-Linear Time Invariant

(LTI) System in Time Domain

Chapter 2
2. 1 System Basic Component
1. Adder
Add 2 or more signals

2. Constant Multiplier
Multiply input & a scale factor
3. Signal Multiplier
Multiply signal & signal

4. Unit delay
Delay 1 sample signal

5. Unit advance
Precede 1 sample signal
Example
2.2 Difference Equation

• 𝑎𝑘 and 𝑏𝑘 = constants
• If 𝑎𝑘 ≠ 0 ; recursive, otherwise nonrecursive
Example
• A differential equation
With and
Find
Numerical Answer
Analitycal answer
• Homogen solution 𝑦ℎ [𝑛] and particular solution 𝑦𝑝 [𝑛]
• 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑦ℎ [𝑛] + 𝑦𝑝 [𝑛]

• Homogen = system responds to initial condition, input 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

• Particular = to input 𝑥 𝑛 with assumption initial condition = 0

• Another way: Z Transform (Ch 5)

Homogen

• Homogen solution

• Solution of 3.7

• Substitute 3.8 into 3.7

• Characteristic equation of 3.9

• Results in N-roots (𝛼1 , 𝛼2 , … , 𝛼𝑁 )

• If all roots are different, the homogeny solution:

• If there is a repeated root, 𝛼1 repeated 𝑃1 times, and the rest 𝑁 − 𝑃1

times
Example
• A differential equation

• Initial values

• Char.equation 3.10

• Factorized
• Homogen solution

• Find from the known initial values

• The final solution

Particular Solution
• Is solution for a diff equation if the not zero
• For this type of equation:
Example
A diff equation

• Since in the form

• The particular solution

• Substitute into the equation

• Using trigonometry results in

• Hence,
• Substitute these values to the diff equation

• Choose 𝑛:

• Elimination/Substitution:

• Hence,
• Homogen solution:

• Total solution:
Analog to Digital Converter
Sampling
Aliasing

• Nyquist engineer version

• Original Nyquist for Lowpass signal
• Bandpass signal for communication
• Sampling theorem for Bandpass
 Quantization and Encoding (Pulse Code
Modulation)
• Mapping analog signal into 2𝐵 level
• Generally, quantization results in error
in half of LSB
• LSB = quantization step size

• = ADC full scale with bipolar input signal

Example
1. 12 bit ADC with input voltage ±10 V has quantization step 20 ∶
12 1
2 = 4,9 mV with quantization error × 4,9 = 2,45 mV
2
2. An analog signal has values in range
Quantization step for 3 bit ADC = …
Number of quantization level = …
The levels are = …
Error quantization = …
Quantization Process